1. Falcon Focus
1. Place the following in the correct order largest to smallest: stars, galaxies, universe, solar system, and planets
2. Name the Planets in order.
Essential Questions: What are the differences between Inner and Outer Planets?

2. Our Solar System
Standard 8.E.4 The student will demonstrate an understanding of the universe and the predictable patterns caused by Earth’s movement in the solar system.

3. Performance Indicator
8.E.4B.1 Obtain and communicate information to model and compare the characteristics and movements of objects in the solar system (including planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and meteors).

4. What does the Solar System includes?
The Solar System is made up of all the planets that orbit our Sun. In addition to planets, the Solar System also consists of moons, comets, asteroids (asteroid belt), minor planets, and dust and gas.

5. What is a planet: a celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a star

6. Planets
Planets may have a terrestrial (earthy) or rocky surface or a gaseous surface.
Gaseous planets are considerably larger than terrestrial planets.
Planets may have rings.

7. Planets
Movement of planets is based on revolution around the Sun and rotation on the planet’s axis.

8. Name the Planets in order starting from the sun.
The eight planets that orbit the sun are (in order from the sun): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.

9. What is the acronym for remembering the planets in order?
"My Very Excellent Mother Just Sent Us Nachos
My Very Eager Mother Just Served Us Nachos

10. The Breakdown between Inner & Outer Planets

11. Inner planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Closer to the Sun (Hotter)
Smaller
few or no moons.
Rocky planets/ terrestrial planets
moves faster because the gravitational attraction is greater.
Has no rings

12. Outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune Huge Has Rings
many moons
Gaseous Planets
Farther away from the Sun/ colder planets.
Moves Slower

13. How Old Would you be on different Planets?

14. Each planet __revolve____ around the Sun and __rotate___ on it’s axis.
 Venus is the hottest planet even though Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun. The reason that Venus is hotter than Mercury is because it has an atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide; it also has clouds of acid inside its atmosphere. This is called the greenhouse effect.

15. WHAT IS A MOON? A rocky body covered with craters that
orbit around a PLANET.

16. MOONS
Moons are studied in relation to the planet they orbit. Not all planets have moons.
  Most are rocky bodies covered with craters, but some have unique characteristics.
  Movement of moons is based on revolution around their planets and rotation on their axis.

17. MOONS Planet with the MOST moons: ___JUPITER______(63)
Planets with the LEAST moons: _MERCURY and VENUS. 0 moons

18. PHASES OF THE MOON
PHASES OF THE MOON IN ORDER: NEW MOON, WAXING CRESCENT, FIRST QUARTER, WAXING GIBBOUS, FULL MOON, WANING GIBBOUS, LAST (THIRD) QUARTER, WANING CRESCENT.

19. WHAT IS AN ASTEROID?
What is an asteroid? __ROCKY______ bodies that orbit in the ___SUN________.

20. Where is the Asteroid belt located?
Asteroids
  Most asteroids are rocky bodies that orbit in a region in the solar system known as the Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter. 

21. SIZE & MOVEMENT They vary in size and shape.
  Movement is based on their revolution around the Sun.

22. Asteroids

23. Why do scientists monitor their positions?
  Some asteroids outside the asteroid belt have orbits that cross Earth’s orbit, which require scientists to monitor their positions.

24. COMETS
IS KNOWN AS THE DIRTY SNOWBALL

26. Comet Parts
Comets have a main body or head (ice, methane and ammonia and dust) and a tail that emerges as the comet gets closer to the Sun during its orbit.

27. The Tail happens when the comet gets closer to the sun during it’s orbit and the head begins to melt & stream behind it .

28. The effects of the solar winds result in the tail always points away from the Sun.
  Comets have long, narrow, elliptical orbits that cause them to cross paths with other objects in the solar
system.

30. Location Most come from regions far beyond Neptune in the
* Oort___ Cloud or Kuiper Belt

34. Meteoroid: chunks of rock that move around within the solar system
Meteoroids
Meteoroid: chunks of rock that move around within the solar system
Prior to entering the atmosphere the chunks of rock move about within the solar system and are known as meteoroids.

35. METEROIDS

36. Meteor vs. Meteorites
METEOR
METEORITE

37. METEOR
Meteors are chunks of rock that burn upon entering a planet’s atmosphere.
They are also called shooting stars.

38. METEOR

39. METEOR SHOWER
a number of meteors that appear to radiate from one point in the sky at a particular date each year, due to the earth's regularly passing through a field of particles at that position in its orbit.

40. METEORITE

41. 8-4.6 Explain how gravitational forces are influenced by mass and distance.

43. Gravitational Force
The force of gravity is a pull between all objects in the universe. This force is influenced by the mass of the objects and the distance between them.

44. A more massive object has the greater pull on the less massive objects; the Sun being most massive object in the solar system has the greatest pull on objects, like planets, in the solar system.
The closer the distance between objects the greater the pull; the Moon has a greater effect on Earth’s tides than the Sun because it is closer to Earth.

45. These two factors of gravitational force have numerous applications on motions of celestial bodies, for example the gravitational pull between the Sun and the planets and between Earth and its Moon cause distinct motions between and among these bodies (8-4.7).

46. 8-4.8 Explain the difference between mass and weight by using the concept of gravitational force.

47. The concept of gravitational force can be used to explain the difference between mass and weight.

48. Mass
Mass is the amount of matter in an object; it does not depend on forces acting on it.
Mass is the same no matter where the object is located as long as the object does not gain or lose any of its matter.
An object that has mass can be pulled on by gravitational force.
Mass is measured on a balance.

49. Weight Weight is a measure of the pull of gravity on an object.
Weight is related to mass but they are not the same.
Weight on Earth is based on the pull of gravity toward the center of Earth.
Weight can change on Earth since the pull of gravity is not the same everywhere.

50. Weight
Weight can change if an object is located on another object in space, for example, the Moon or Mars.
The mass of that larger object determines the pull of gravity and therefore the weight of the object.

51. RECAP
Weight may change due to the change in gravitational force, but mass stays the same.

52. Falcon Focus What are the differences between rotation and revolution?
Essential Question? How would you create a chart depicting the main differences between a comet, asteroid, and meteoroid?

53. Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors
Summarize the characteristics and movements of objects in the solar system (including planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and meteors).

54. Asteroids
Most asteroids are rocky bodies that orbit in a region in the solar system known as the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter ,000 asteroids lie in belt between Mars and Jupiter
They vary in size and shape.

55. Asteroids Movement is based on their revolution around the Sun.
Some asteroids outside the asteroid belt have orbits that cross Earth’s orbit; scientists monitor the positions of these asteroids.

56. Asteroids & Asteroid Belt

57. Comets
Comets have a main body or head (ices of water, methane and ammonia and dust) and a tail that emerges as the comet gets closer to the Sun during its orbit.
The tail always points away from the Sun. Comets have unique long, narrow elliptical orbit.

58. Comets

59. Meteors
Meteoroids are chunks of rock that move about within the solar system.
Location and movement result in the different terms:

60. Meteor Vs. Meteorite
Meteor – when the chunk of rock burns up in a planet’s atmosphere; or
Meteorite – when the chunk of rock strikes the surface of a planet or moon.

61. Recall the Sun’s position in the universe, the shapes and composition of galaxies, and the distance measurement unit (light year) needed to identify star and galaxy locations.

62. Galaxies
The Sun is a star in the Milky Way galaxy located in a spiral arm about two-thirds of the way from the center of the galaxy.

63. Galaxies
Galaxies are made up of gas, dust, and billions of stars and have different shapes –
elliptical – spherical or flattened disks,
spiral – a nucleus of bright stars and two or more spiral arms, or
irregular – no definite shape

64. Because distances in space are so great that conventional numbers are too large to work with, astronomers use a unit of measurement called light year to measure the distance to stars and galaxies in space.
The distance in one light year is equal to the distance light travel in one year.

65. Galaxy Shapes
On page , illustrate the different shapes of the different types of galaxies.

66. Galaxies

67. Falcon focus
Q: Q: Johnny's Mother had three children. The first child was named April. The second child was named May. What was the third child’s name?
EQ: WhaT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WAXING AND WANING MOON PHASES?

68. Falcon Focus
Q: Q: A clerk at a butcher shop stands five feet ten inches tall and wears size 13 sneakers. What does he weigh?
EQ: How WOULD YOU CREATE A VENN DIAGRAM TO EXPLAIN THE DIFFERNCE BETWEEN A LUNAR AND SOLAR ECLIPSE?

69. Eclipses
Eclipses of the Sun and Moon are a result of an alignment of Earth, Sun, and Moon. Therefore, eclipses occur when Earth or the Moon temporarily block the sunlight from reaching the other. (An eclipse can only occur when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are lined up perfectly.
The Revolution of the Moon causes eclipses.

70. 2 types of eclipses
Solar eclipse (Sun)
Lunar eclipse (Moon)

71. SOLAR ECLIPSE
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon is directly in-between the Sun and Earth, blocking the Sun’s light casting a shadow over a certain area on Earth.
During a total solar eclipse, the only visible portion of the Sun is a pearly white glow around the edge of the eclipsing Moon.

72. Solar Eclipse (Add)
The darkest portion of the Moon’s shadow is called the umbra. A person standing with in the umbra experiences a total solar eclipse.
Surrounding the umbra is a lighter shadow on Earth’s surface called the penumbra. A person standing in the penumbra experience a partial solar eclipse.
Regardless of which eclipse you view, never look directly at the Sun. The light can permanently damage your eyes.

73. SOLAR ECLIPSE

74. Lunar Movement
A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is directly in-between the Sun and the Moon, blocking the Sun’s light so that Earth’s shadow hits the Moon casting a shadow over the Moon.
The moon goes dark. Sometimes sunlight is bent through the Earth’s atmosphere causing the eclipsed Moon to appear red.
A total lunar eclipse can be seen by anyone on the nighttime side of Earth where the Moon is not hidden by clouds.

75. LUNAR ECLIPSE

76. QUESTIONS Is it ever possible to see a solar eclipse at night?
Why can a lunar eclipse only be seen on the night side of Earth?

77. QUESTIONS
Is it ever possible to see a solar eclipse at night? No, the Moon must cast a shadow on Earth during solar eclipse. Thus, the place on Earth experiencing the solar eclipse must be on the day side of Earth, facing the Sun.

78. Question
Why can a lunar eclipse only be seen on the night side of Earth? A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves into Earth’s shadow. Earth’s shadow is cast on the night side of the planet, opposite the side facing the Sun. Thus, a lunar eclipse is only visible on the night side of Earth. (Also, lunar eclipses can only occur during a full moon, when the moon is on the opposite side of Earth from the Sun.)

79. The Earth and the Moon
The Earth and the Moon both revolve and rotate and these motions have effects that can be observed on Earth. These movements of Earth are also responsible for the seasons and the changes in weather.

80. Rotation vs. Revolution

81. Rotation
Rotation is the spinning of a body on its axis. The spinning of Earth on its axis is called a rotation. Each complete Rotation takes one day.
The most observable effects of Earth’s rotation on its axis are day and night, therefore, when
part Of the Earth faces the sun experiences daylight and when part of the Earth faces away from the sun experiences
nighttime.

82. Rotation
As Earth rotates from west to east (counterclockwise), the sun appears to rise in the east in the morning and the sun then appears to cross the sky and set in the west.

83. Rotation

84. Day A day is based on the 24 hours it takes Earth to rotate.
Earth rotates on its axis counterclockwise from west to east; as a result, the Sun appears to rise in the east and set in the west.

85. Questions In what direction did the sun rise this morning?
Where is the sun in the sky at noon?
In which direction will the sun set tonight?

86. Answers
In what direction did the sun rise this morning? The sun rose in the east
Where is the sun in the sky at noon? It is highest in the sky at noon
In which direction will the sun set tonight? The sun set in the west

87. Role Playing Activity
Part 1: 2 volunteers (The relationship between the Earth and the Sun) Student will walk around another student counterclockwise. The student representing the Sun will keep a flashlight beam pointed at the student representing the Earth. The student representing the Earth will announce day when he or she sees the light, and night when his or her back is turned to the sun.

88. Revolution
As Earth spins on its axis, Earth also revolves around the sun.
Even though you cannot feel Earth moving, it is traveling around the sun.
The motion of a body that travels around another body in space is called Revolution. Revolution is the Earth’s yearly orbit around the Sun.
Each complete revolution of Earth around the sun takes one year or about 365 ¼ days.

89. Revolution

90. Year
A year is based on the 365¼ days it takes Earth to revolve around the Sun.
Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit.
Although some objects follow circular orbits, most orbits are shaped more like "stretched out" circles or ovals. Mathematicians and astronomers call this oval shape an ellipse( elongated. Closed curve).

91. Year
The earth's orbit around the sun is not a circle. The earth's orbit around the sun is slightly elliptical. Therefore, the distance between the earth and the sun varies throughout the year.

92. TOD/Inner or outer 1. Has a slower orbit around the Sun
2. Has many moons
3. Colder planets
4. Rocky planets
5. Gaseous Planets
6. Larger Planets
7. Smaller Planets
8. What is rotation?
9. What is revolution?
10. Day is based on how many hours and years are based on how many days?

93. Questions?????

94. What is a Leap Year?
A leap year is a year that has one extra day in it. A leap year occurs roughly every four years. Most years have 365 days, but a leap year has 366 days. The extra day is added onto the end of the shortest month, February; in a leap year, February has 29 days (instead of its usual 28 days). February 29 is called leap day.

95. Question 1: Why do we have 365 ¼ days?
A year is defined as the time it takes for the Earth to orbit around the sun once. It takes the Earth about 365 1/4 days to make one entire orbit around the sun (a day is one rotation around the Earth's axis). By adding one extra day about every four years, the Earth is in the same point of its orbit at the same time of the calendar year each year.

96. Question 2: How fast does the Earth rotate?
The ground feels firm and solid beneath your feet. Of course, the Earth is rotating, turning once on its axis every 24 hours. Fortunately gravity keeps you firmly attached to the planet, and because of momentum, you don’t feel the movement – the same way you don’t feel the speed of a car going down the highway. But how fast does the Earth rotate?

97. Continuation
You might be surprised to know that a spot on the surface of the Earth is moving at 1675 km/h or 465 meters/second. That’s 1,040 miles/hour. Just think, for every second, you’re moving almost half a kilometer through space, and you don’t even feel it.

98. Question 3: How fast do the Earth revolve?
The Earth orbits, on average, 93 million miles (149,600,000 km) from the Sun (this distance is defined as one Astronomical Unit (AU)), taking one year to complete an orbit. The Earth revolves around the Sun at a speed of about 18.5 miles/sec (30 km/sec).

99. Question 4: Do clouds move?
Clouds move with the wind. High cirrus clouds are pushed along by the jet stream, sometimes traveling at more than 100 miles-per-hour. When clouds are part of a thunderstorm they usually travel at 30 to 40 mph.

100. Question 5: How do wind form?
As the sun warms the Earth's surface, the atmosphere warms too. Some parts of the Earth receive direct rays from the sun all year and are always warm. Other places receive indirect rays, so the climate is colder. Warm air, which weighs less than cold air, rises. Then cool air moves in and replaces the rising warm air. This movement of air is what makes the wind blow.

101. Explain the motions of Earth and the Moon and the effects of these motions as they orbit the Sun (including day, year, phases of the Moon, eclipses, and tides).

102. Lunar (Moon) Movement
The Moon revolves with Earth around the Sun as the Moon is revolving around Earth.
The Moon revolves around Earth in 29½ Earth days.
Similarly to Earth, as the Moon revolves, it is rotating or spinning on its axis.
The rotation time for the Moon is a little over 27 Earth days.

103. Because the Moon rotates and revolves in nearly the same amount of time, the same side of the Moon always faces Earth.

104. Summarize the characteristics and movements of objects in the solar system (including planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and meteors).

105. Moons
Moons are studied in relation to the planet they orbit. Not all planets have moons.
Most are rocky bodies covered with craters, but some have unique characteristics.
Movement of moons is based on revolution around their planets.

106. Phases of the Moon
As the position of the Moon changes as it revolves around Earth, the observations of the Moon from Earth are seen as phases (new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent)
The cause of the phases of the Moon depends on how much of the sunlit side of the Moon faces Earth.

107. Moon phases are the different forms that the Moon takes in its appearance from Earth. The phase depends on the relative positions of the Moon, Earth, and the Sun.

108. Moon Phases

109. What About the Moon?
The phase you see when you look at the moon depends on its location in relationship to the sun and Earth.

110. Moon Phases Info
The Moon doesn't create any light itself; it just reflects the light of the Sun.
The Moon passes through eight major phases during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. Cycles are a continuous process; there is no beginning or end.

111. Moon Phases In Action
                                                                           
    The Moon doesn't create any light

112. Moon Phases
The phases always follow one another in the same order

113. New Moon The moon is lined up between the Earth and Sun
When the Moon is exactly lined up with the Sun (as viewed from Earth), we experience an eclipse
The Moon's unilluminated side is facing the Earth. The Moon is not visible (except during a solar eclipse).
Moon and Sun are on the same side of the sky.
Near side is in total darkness.
Moon and Sun rise together.

114. Waxing Crescent Moon
As the Moon moves around the Earth, we see more and more of the illuminated half
It looks as if the moon is getting bigger each night
The moon is smaller than a quarter moon
The Moon is waxing.

115. Quarter Moon
A week after the new moon, when the Moon has completed about a quarter of its turn around the Earth, we can see half of the illuminated part
From Earth, we are now looking at the sunlit side of the Moon from off to the side.
A quarter of the Moon
The first quarter phase.
The Moon is now one-quarter of the way through the lunar month

116. Waxing Gibbous Moon
The Moon appears to be more than one-half but not fully illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is increasing. Waxing gibbous
Gibbous means "humped"

117. Full Moon
The Moon's illuminated side is facing the Earth. The Moon appears to be completely illuminated by direct sunlight.
Full moon
At this time the Moon rises at the time the Sun sets, and it sets when the Sun rises
If the Moon happens to align exactly with the Earth and Sun, then we get a lunar eclipse. the full sunlit face of the Moon.
The Moon has now completed one half of the lunar month

118. Waning Gibbous Moon
Waning Gibbous - The Moon appears to be more than one-half but not fully illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is decreasing. The first week after the full moon, the phase is called waning gibbous

119. Last Quarter Moon
Three weeks after the new moon , we again can see half of the illuminated part
This is usually called last quarter
Sometimes called third quarter
The side that we saw dark at the first quarter phase is now the lit side
Last Quarter - One-half of the Moon appears to be illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is decreasing.

120. Waning Crescent Moon
Waning Crescent - The Moon appears to be partly but less than one-half illuminated by direct sunlight. The fraction of the Moon's disk that is illuminated is decreasing.
During the fourth week, the Moon appears to get smaller and smaller
Waning crescent .
         

121. TOD/Inner or outer 1. Has a slower orbit around the Sun
2. Has many moons
3. Colder planets
4. Rocky planets
5. Gaseous Planets
6. Larger Planets
7. Smaller Planets
8. What is rotation?
9. What is revolution?
10. Day is based on how many hours and years are based on how many days?

122. Falcon Focus
Q: Q: If you were running a race and you passed the person in 2nd place, what place would you be in now?
EQ: WHAT SEPERATES THE INNER AND OUTER PLANETS?