1. Exploring and Colonizing North America
Spain, France, and England

2. Essential Question: What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in North America?
Lesson plan for August 14, 2007: warm-up questions, mental mapping of European exploration, notes via ppt

3. America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

4. Early Human Migrations
1st Migration, 38, BCE
2nd Migration, c. 10,000-4,000 BCE
3rd Migration, c. 8,000-3,000 BCE

6. Eastern Woodland Cultures
04/06/98
Along the Atlantic Coast of North America, Native Americans lived in smaller, mobile bands:
Farming was supplemented by hunting and gathering
Eastern woodland Indians were likely the first natives to be encountered by English settlers
Linguistic differences & societies based on kinship; egalitarian methods of resolving differences (impressed Europeans with “democratic” styles of diplomacy) 4 4 4 4

8. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
04/06/98 4 4 4 4

9. When Worlds Collide
What was the impact of Spanish, French, and English settlement in North America on Native Americans?

10. Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 16 17 17 17

11. EUROPEAN MOVEMENT ONTO
NATIVE AMERICAN LAND
European movement

12. The 3 motives reinforce each other
Exploration:
Direct Causes = 3 G’s
Political: Become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY)
Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD)
Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)
The 3 motives reinforce each other

13. EFFECTS EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1400 TO 1600
European explore
EFFECTS
Europeans reach and settle Americas
Expanded knowledge of world geography
Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
Introduction of the institution of slavery
Columbian Exchange

14. NEW WORLD
OLD WORLD

15. Columbian Exchange or the transfer of goods involved 3 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa
* Squash * Avocado * Peppers * Sweet Potatoes * Turkey * Pumpkin * Tobacco * Quinine * Cocoa * Pineapple * Cassava * POTATO * Peanut * Tomato * Vanilla * MAIZE * Syphillis
* Olive * Coffee Beans * Banana * Rice * Onion * Turnip * Honeybee * Barley * Grape * Peach * Sugar Cane * Oats * Citrus Fruits * Pear * Wheat * HORSE * Cattle * Sheep * Pig * Smallpox * Flu * Typhus * Measles * Malaria * Diptheria * Whooping Cough

16. The Columbian Exchange

17. Old World to New World New World to Old World Diseases Animals Plants
Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, The Common Cold
Syphilis
Animals
Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep Goats, Chickens
Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs
Plants
Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass
Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Guavas Avocados

18. The Spanish Colonies in America

19. The
Spanish
Started in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain
St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

20. Georgia

21. A World Transformed
04/06/98
Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration
They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population 7 7 7 7

22. Cycle of Conquest & Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
Missionaries
European Colonial Empire
Permanent Settlers

23. From Plunder to Settlement
04/06/98
By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World
Mostly unmarried males came to New World; intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos & mulattos
Distinguished between social classes: peninsulares & creoles
The Spanish gov’t operated strict control over the colonies
Whites from Spain
Whites born in America 17 18 18 18

24. Spanish Conquests & Colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor
Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

25. The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares Spanish ancestory
Creoles Spanish and Black mixture.
Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture
Mulattos White American and Black mixture
Black Slaves
Native Indians

26. What type of relationship existed between the Spanish and the Native Americans living in N.Am?
Native people learned about new tools, grow food, raise sheep
Many converted to Catholicism
Spanish learned new farming techniques
Harsh treatment of Native Americans for slave labor
Beating of those who did not convert
Disease, death
Rebellion

27. Hernando Desoto – Spanish Explorer
Explored Southeast region of America in 1540.
Encountered numerous Creek Indian tribes in Georgia, as well as food such as peaches.
Crossed Chattahoochee, Flint, Ocmulgee, Oconee, and Savannah Rivers.

28. Hernando de Soto

29. Spanish Settlements in Georgia
From 1578 to 1583 the Spanish Catholics built two separate chains of missions. One led from San Augustin north along the Atlantic coast, into present day coastal Georgia. The Guale tribes were temporarily subdued near what is St. Catherine’s Island today.
In 1597 the Franciscans in Guale interfered with the mission Indians once too often and they rebelled. The missions along coastal Georgia were destroyed and most of the friars murdered before soldiers stopped the uprising by 1601.
Although the Yamasees and Lower Creeks sought Spanish protection in the following years, and Spanish Indians continued to harass English settlers along the southern frontier, Spain's plans for hegemony in the Southeast disappeared along with the missions.
More info on Spanish missions in Georgia HERE!

30. Spanish empire by the 1600’s consisted of
Southern part of North America
Central America
Caribbean Islands
Most of outer South America

31. The French Colonies in America

32. The French
French settle Quebec (1608) & Montreal (1642) and what would become Canada
Control St. Lawrence River & access to interior of North America
Develop a fur trade

33. The French Claim Canada
04/06/98
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec; French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi R.
The French gov’t strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement
Because the fur trade was the basis of their colonial economy, Indians became valued trading partners (not exploitive like Spain) 18 19 19 19

34. What was the relationship between the French and Native Americans living in North America?
Business partners
Friendly
Huron (in Canada) were close allies
Enemies with Iroquois (on East coast with British colonies)
Diseases killed many

35. Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native Americans & establishing missions

37. The English Colonies in America

38. English settlements Cabot & New Foundland 1582
Sir Walter Raleigh attempts to colonize off the coast of North Carolina in 1585.
Establishes the colony of Roanoke
Second attempt in 1585 with 150 men and women

39. Lost Colony of Roanoke Spanish Armada delays supply until 1590
No settlers found but buildings are standing
CROATOAN – written on fence post.
Unsolved mystery

41. What was life like in Jamestown?
Difficult
Swamp area with disease carrying mosquitoes
Laziness from settlers
John Smith took over during the starving time
Native Americans refuse to trade during this time

42. The English Colonies
In the 1600s, English settlers arrived in North America
English colonization differed from Spanish & French because the English gov’t had no desire to create a centralized empire in the New World
Different motivations by English settlers led to different types of colonies

43. Migrating to the English Colonies
17th century England faced major social changes:
The most significant was a boom in population; Competition for land, food, jobs led to a large mobile population (vagrants?)
People had choices: could move to cities, Ireland, Netherlands, or America (but this was most expensive & dangerous)

44. Migrating to the English Colonies
Motives for migration to America:
Religious: purer form of worship
Economic: Escape poverty or the threat of lifelong poverty
Personal: to escape bad marriages or jail terms
Migration to America was facilitated by the English Civil War & Glorious Revolution

45. The Stuart Monarchs

46. Fort King George
First British garrison of the Georgia colony, is located in Darien, at the mouth of the Altamaha River.
Established in 1721 to 1732 as the southernmost outpost of British North America.
Protected Carolina colony against Spanish and French as well as possible attacks by the hostile Guale Indians.
Poor living conditions and a fire that destroyed the fort in 1726 led to its disbandment.
Click HERE for a more complete story of Ft. King George!
From New Georgia Encyclopedia – Fort King George,

49. Types of Colonial Settlements

50. Three types of colonial settlements
Trading Post Colony
Plantation
Colony
Settler colony
Used to trade items
For example, French fur traders
Grow and sell cash crops, such as rice, indigo, tobacco,
Settlers establish new towns and settlements, but linked to their mother country by trade and government.
Did not require a lot of money.
Required more money to maintain and build.
Required more money to build the towns and settlements.
More difficult to protect.
Set up along a water trade route.
Easier to protect
Easy to protect
Set up on large areas of land.
Set up along the water for irrigation use and trade.

51. European colonization in North America
Spain
France
England
Plantation colonies in the Caribbean, Florida, and Mexico.
Spanish missions converted Indians to Christianity by force, and governed the colonial settlements.
Georgia’s coastal barrier islands served as sites of Spanish missions.
Trading post colonies in St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, and Mississippi regions.
Port of New Orleans controlled trade in the Gulf of Mexico, threatening Spanish shipping in the area.
Fur traders expanded networks throughout all of the Southeastern tribes.
Plantation colonies in Southern English
colonies.
Settler colonies
Jamestown based at first on trading, then later became known as a religious settlement.
Fort King George at Darien, GA was southern-most outpost to protect Charlestown, South Carolina from Spanish attacks.

52. By the early 1600s, Spain, England, & France had large territorial claims in North America (but these colonies were not heavily populated, especially in Spanish & French claims)
These colonial claims came largely at the expense of the Native Americans already living there

53. Colonies in North America
Spanish Colonies
French colonies
English colonies
Mexico, present day Florida, South western part of South America
Inland part of North America and the St. Lawrence river.
They set up a variety of colonies in Canada and along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
Controlled their colonies with viceroys.
Controlled their colonies loosely. Few settlers moved to New France, because it was so rocky, and the temperature was so cold.
Built for profit and others built them for religious freedom.
England sent governors to rule over their colonies.
Use of Native American labor to work on the large farms.
French got along better with the Native Americans than any other European country.
English settlers pushed Native Americans off their land.
Treated the Native American harshly.
Fur traders
England and Spain were the two main powers in the Americas.
Harsh treatment of the Native Americans, Europeans diseases claimed their lives
Live among the Native Americans and respected their culture.
Did not want to convert the Native Americans, they just wanted their land.
Use of African slaves.
Focused on Christianity.
Touted religious freedom

55. Spanish, French, & English Colonial Patterns?
Answer the following essential question:
What were the advantages & disadvantages of Spanish, French, & English colonial patterns in terms of long-term colonization in America?
Create a chart with your ideas.
Submit your chart in the 2.B Dropbox.

56. Advantages for long-term colonization
Disadvantages for long-term colonization
Spain
France
England