1. ANDREW JACKSON Champion of the Common Man or King Andrew?
Hyperlink on Jackson Square statue re Jackson the gambler
Hyperlink on Jackson pic at top middle of Jackson’s firsts
War Hero – 1812, Indian Wars
1st P from the West (NC/TN)
Orphaned at age 14
Only P to ever kill a man in a duel
Carried a bullet near his heart for life
No college, but not uneducated – horrible speller though
Hyperlink on top middle photo to history channel video on Jackson – use about first 3 minutes for introduction – NO LONGER AVAILABLE?!

2. Changes in Voting Requirements by 1828 Election
What changed?

3. Voter Turnout:

4. JACKSON GETS REVENGE Election of 1828
By the time of this election, the one party of Republicans has divided into:
National Republicans
Democrats/Jacksonians/
Jacksonian Democrats
Electoral Vote:
Jackson, 178
Adams, 83
Jackson supported by - S & W
Adams supported by - NE
Higher voter turnout (3 x the voter turnout in 1824)
Jackson wins decisively!
178 to 83 electoral votes

5. Mudslinging prominent!
Negative campaigning; makes fact out of fiction
ADAMS mudslinging against JACKSON:
Jackson is uneducated
(really just a poor speller)
Jackson was a murderer
(really had killed a man in a duel for making disparaging remarks about his wife Rachel
Jackson’s wife was an adulteress
(didn’t mean to be – didn’t realize Rachel’s divorce wasn’t final)
JACKSON mudslinging against ADAMS
Adams was wasting the people’s money on gambling tables (actually, he bought a pool table himself & put it in White House)
Adams got a prostitute for the Czar of Russia (actually just introduced him to a new lady friend while ambassador to Russia)
Mudslinging prominent!

6. JACKSONIAN APPEAL
Coffin Handbill
Rachel
War Hero, strong leader, passionate, intensely patriotic, “average but ideal”
Fascinating personal history
Rich landowner, slaveowner
The Coffin Handbills were a series of pamphlets attacking Jackson during the 1828 election. Adams decided to attack Jackson's ethics and moral character. The first handbill (titled The Coffin Handbill) was produced by a friend and political ally of Clay, who did not like Adams, however, he decided to help the Adams campaign by smearing Jackson. This first handbill alleged that Jackson had executed several deserters during and after the War of 1812 and the Creek War.
Later pamphlets attacked Jackson's ethics. One criticized Jackson for allegedly being an adulterer. (Jackson's wife's divorce was, unknown to her, not official). The bill said: "Ought a convicted adulteress and her paramour husband be placed in the highest offices of this free and Christian land?" Another handbill claimed that Jackson’s mother was a prostitute brought by British soldiers to the U.S. As a result of these allegations, the term "Coffin Handbill" became synonymous with a smear attack on a political candidate.
Shortly after Jackson first arrived in Nashville in 1788, he lived as a boarder with Rachel Stockley Donelson, a widow. Here Jackson became acquainted with their daughter, Rachel Donelson Robards. At the time, Rachel Robards was in an unhappy marriage with Captain Lewis Robards, a man subject to irrational fits of jealous rage. Due to Lewis Robards' temperament, the two were separated in According to Jackson, he married Rachel after hearing that Robards had obtained a divorce. However, the divorce had never been completed, making Rachel's marriage to Jackson illegitimate. After the divorce was officially completed, Rachel and Jackson remarried in However, there is evidence that Donelson had been living with Jackson and referred to herself as Mrs. Jackson before the petition for divorce was ever made. It was not uncommon on the frontier for relationships to be formed and dissolved unofficially, as long as they were recognized by the community.
The controversy surrounding their marriage remained a sore point for Jackson, who deeply resented attacks on his wife's honor. Jackson fought 13 duels, many nominally over his wife's honor. Charles Dickinson, the only man Jackson ever killed in a duel, had been goaded into angering Jackson by Jackson's political opponents. In the duel, fought over a horse-racing debt and an insult to his wife on May 30, 1806, Dickinson shot Jackson in the ribs before Jackson returned the fatal shot; Jackson allowed Dickinson to shoot first, knowing him to be an excellent shot, and as his opponent reloaded, Jackson shot, even as the bullet lodged itself in his chest. The bullet that struck Jackson was so close to his heart that it could never be safely removed. Jackson had been wounded so frequently in duels that it was said he "rattled like a bag of marbles." At times he would cough up blood, and he experienced considerable pain from his wounds for the rest of his life.
Rachel died of a heart attack on December 22, 1828, two weeks after her husband's victory in the election and two months before Jackson taking office as President. Jackson blamed John Quincy Adams for Rachel's death because the marital scandal was brought up in the election of He felt that this had hastened her death and never forgave Adams or his supporters.
Click Rachel for HC video on “Jackson the Widower”
Click Rev. War pic for video on Jackson trivia –History Channel Jackson’s Firsts

7. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

8. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier
State Politicians – spoils system
Immigrants in the cities.
Pic is first known painting of Jackson

9. JACKSON’S FAITH IN THE COMMON MAN:
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

10. The Reign of “King Mob”

11. President Jackson was known for opening up the White House to visitors of all classes. His inauguration party lasted for hours as throngs of people from packed streets pushed into the White House. This painting captures the rowdy scene with its broken furniture and stifling crowd. “King Mob” was so dangerous that Jackson had to be taken out through a window and it took an entire week to scrub and clean the White House after the party.

12. Jacksonian Democracy = Increased Democratization & More Accessible Politics
White male suffrage increased
Party nominating conventions –
no more King Caucus!
Spoils system
how does it represent “democracy?”
Rotation in Office
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats)
Rise of Third Parties.
"King Caucus"
Introduced in 1796; informal meetings in which U.S. congressmen would agree on who to nominate for Pres. and Vice Pres. from their political party. This was known as "King Caucus", b/c these caucuses were totally undemocratic. This practice was ended in ; Caucuses were replaced w/ national presidential nominating conventions.
--In addition to these developments, Jackson's two terms led to three other critical political trends:
It Made Politics More Accessible & Popular: Stressing simple, frugal government and "rotation" in office, Jackson's policies led many workingmen to become interested in government (and many others to worry for its safety). Soon, virtually all eligible voters took a stance, and political participation skyrocketed from 24% in 1824 to 78% in At the same time, "suffrage qualifications" were relaxed, and by the Civil War, the time-honored tradition of requiring land ownership to vote had virtually disappeared.
It Strengthened the President and Legitimated Political Parties: Jackson also reinvigorated the presidency, partially through the use of the executive veto (which he employed 24 times!). Though many of his successors were weak, Jackson reaffirmed the president's role as a party leader and the steward of national policies.

13. Two Party System Again Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
Dem-Reps  Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)
Democrats (1828)
Whigs
Democrats
Business Oriented
Less comfortable with industrialization
Support Gov’t aid to economy
Government takes “laissez-faire” approach
Business / Planters/ Bankers
Farmers /Workers/ Entrepreneurs
Anglo-Saxon, Protestant
More religiously & ethnically diverse
“Active” involved gov’t
“Inactive” less-involved gov’t
Jackson's Political Legacy: --One of the most controversial presidents in history, Jackson's policies, particularly regarding the Bank, led to the formation of the so-called "Second Party System." --Quickly, a rival party came to oppose Jackson's supporters--the Democrats--calling themselves "Whigs" after those in England who opposed the King and his imperial rule. --Business-oriented, generally wealthy, and socially progressive, the Whigs were a national party, though they were more popular in the North. Some generalizations about the parties are helpful:

14. Jacksonian Democracy = Change:
Common people have more of a voice & candidates (“Coonskin Congressmen”) seek vote of ordinary man
Elected officials expected to be responsive to will of their “constituents”
SPOILS SYSTEM - a/k/a “patronage”
Appointing party supporters to political office
Rotation in office
Common man can do any job; Jackson distrusts experts
Social & political changes that led to the rise of Jacksonian democracy:
Disestablishment of churches
Move to improve knowledge (free school/more secondary)
More newspaper circulation
Differences between Jacksonian democracy and Jeffersonian democracy? (we’ll do this later)
Note: Jackson really only removes about 1/5 of federal officeholders with his spoils system
BUT, TERRIBLE precedent in politics – party loyalty replaces merit as the primary test of fitness for a job AND it will encourage the growth of political machines.

15. The Nullification Issue Calhoun’s Nullification Theory:
Calhoun claimed that the Union had not been formed by the people, but by people representing States.
This meant that a state was sovereign, not the national government.
The states were the units which formed the compact (union), thus the states could withdraw from that compact (the union) if they so desired.
Calhoun also said that a state could declare an act of the federal government null and void within that state's borders.
SC Exposition & Protest is SC legislature’s notice of intent to nullify the Tariff of Abominations – 1828.
Calhoun wrote it and the Ordinance off Nullification secretly (he was Jackson’s VP)
Said protective tariff was unconstitutional and that states, not the fed govt, had the right to determine constitiutinoality of laws – nullification.
Relies on the arguments of Madison and Jefferson in the Kentucky Resolves.
Calhoun,
SC Exposition & Protest

16. Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
The Nullification Issue
Webster-Hayne Debate
Prime Reflection of Sectional Conflict
Haynes, S, allied with W and:
-condemned NE disloyalty in War of 1812
-condemned NE for selfishness in protective tariff
-supports doctrine of nullification (Calhoun) only way to safeguard
minority interests of the S
- NOT advocating breakup of Union….instead seeking way to protect
S’s rights under the Constitution
Webster – NO! If any state could nullify any federal action, union would be nothing more than a “rope of sand”
Western Land Policy
9 Day Debate!
1830
Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]
Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
Allies with West
Condemns N for protective tariffs
Supports nullification
N wants end to W expansion & draining off of N population

17. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!
Webster: “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” If any state could nullify any federal action, the union would be nothing more than a “rope of sand.”
Impact of Webster’s oratory in the N?
JEFFERSON DAY BANQUET:
Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved!
Webster’s impact:
40,000 copies printed up – even printed up in schoolbooks
Arguments for “union” firmly established in minds of Northerners (like Lincoln)
Banquet: Jackson had been keeping quiet & heard of scheme by Southern states’ rights leaders to force him out on the issue at the Jefferson Day banquet in They planned to give a series of toasts in honor of Jefferson – STATES RIGHTIST - & hoped Jackson, the “Southerner” would do the same.
So…..he said the above instead & Calhoun then forced to give the above response.
Jackson actually favored states rights but NOT if it would lead to disunion. He believed that nullification threatened the Union and therefore opposed it.
Calhoun differed from Jefferson and Madison in explicitly arguing for a state's right to secede from the Union, if necessary, instead of simply nullifying certain federal legislation. James Madison rebuked supporters of nullification, stating that no state had the right to nullify federal law.
In May 1830, Jackson discovered that Calhoun had asked President Monroe to censure then-General Jackson for his invasion of Spanish Florida in Calhoun was then serving as Monroe’s Sec. of War (1817–1823). Jackson had invaded Florida during the First Seminole War without explicit public authorization from Calhoun or Monroe. Calhoun's and Jackson's relationship deteriorated further.
Calhoun defended his 1818 position. The feud between him and Jackson heated up as Calhoun informed the President that he risked another attack from his opponents. They started an argumentative correspondence, fueled by Jackson's opponents, until Jackson stopped the letters in July 1830.
By February 1831, the break between Calhoun and Jackson was final. Responding to inaccurate press reports about the feud, Calhoun had published the letters in the U.S. Telegraph.
Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear!
So… is Jackson a nationalist or a states’ rightist?

18. The Peggy Eaton Affair Another cause of The split between
Wrecked Jackson’s regular cabinet in 1831
Sec. of War Eaton had married daughter of Washington boardinghouse keeper, Peggy --- rumor linked her with the male boarders. (Her husband had committed suicide).
According to rumor, Peggy had been having an affair with Sec. of War John Eaton before her husband’s death.
More upheaval came when Calhoun’s wife organized Cabinet wives against Peggy . The scandal, which became known as the "Petticoat affair" or the "Peggy Eaton affair", ripped apart the cabinet and created an intolerable situation for Jackson. Jackson saw attacks on Eaton stemming ultimately from the political opposition of Calhoun, and he used the affair to consolidate control over his cabinet, forcing the resignation of several members and ending Calhoun's influence in the cabinet.
All the wives of Jackson’s official cabinet snubbed Peggy – led by Calhoun’s wife. Raised Jackson’s ire – in light of the abuse Rachel took.
Van Buren (widower – Sec. of State) befriended & defended Eaton & won Jackson’s favor. Jackson turned against Calhoun – he resigns as VP & Van Buren will become VP in 1832
Click on Peggy for “Jackson’s Kitchen Cabinet” video
Another cause of
The split between
P Jackson and
VP Calhoun….
Calhoun resigns

19. King Andrew as President
Uses veto more than 6 previous Ps COMBINED
First to use pocket veto
Relied on “Kitchen Cabinet”
Opposed federal aid to local road building projects – “Maysville Road Bill’
In Clay’s state of KY
Jeffersonian in his view of a limited national government
Poor administrator; penny-pincher
Hyperlink on pic re kitchen cabinet

20. KING ANDREW
His supporters viewed Jackson as a strong President who represented the common people.
Critics denounced him as a would-be tyrant. They called him “King Andrew the First.”
Appeared in Whig newspaper
This visual draws more interest than a printed article would
During his first term
Main Idea: Jackson has unconstitutionally expanded the power of the presidency
Used the veto 24 times

21. THE TARIFF ISSUE Tariff of 1828 increased some rates to 45%
Tariff of 1824 had raised rates from 23% to 37%
Tariff of 1828 increased some rates to 45%
Protested as the “Tariff of Abominations”
SC protest: Calhoun’s “SC Exposition and Protest”
Theory of nullification reborn
Protection against the “tyranny of the majority”
Tariff of 1832 passed
SC passes Ordinance of Nullification – seems to be only solution to solve both protective tariff issue & impending problem of abolition of slavery
Jackson issues Proclamation to People of SC
Defines nullification as “treason”
No defiance of federal law will be permitted!
Threatens force
Compromise:
Tariff of 1833 = gradual tariff reductions
Force Bill – gives P power to use force to stop treasonous activities
SC repeals its Nullification Ordinance BUT then goes on & nullifies the Force Bill!
“Nullie button”
Jackson a unionist with regard to nullification – if a state could nullify & defy a federal law, Union could not exist

22. The National Bank Issue
vs.
Hyperlink on Jackson pic – Jackson & the Bank
President Jackson
Nicholas Biddle,
President of the BUS
Brilliant Manager but...wealthy and arrogant.

23. JACKSON’S OPPOSITION TO THE B.U.S.
Unconstitutional – he just ignores McCulloch decision of Supreme Ct.
A monopoly on public funds
Small banks’ profits were limited
Favors hard money; doesn’t trust paper
Bank favors the rich at the expense of the poor
Run by private citizen & handful of rich men
“Un-American” – foreign investors owned small portion of the bank
Clay & Webster try to use this against him & seek early renewal of Bank’s charter in 1832
Jackson, as predicted, vetoed the rechartering bill
Jackson's actions with regard to the Second Bank of the U. S. resulted in his censure by Congress for abuse of power. In this cartoon, Henry Clay is sewing Jackson's mouth shut.

24. Democratic cartoon shows Jackson fighting the monster Bank
Democratic cartoon shows Jackson fighting the monster Bank. "The Bank," Jackson told Van Buren "is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!"
Jackson destroying the “Devil’s bank”

25. ELECTION OF 1832
Clay tries to get Bank re-chartered early knowing Jackson will veto it - thought Jackson’s veto of Bank re-charter would keep Jackson from getting elected
Backfired – Jackson elected by a huge margin (219 to 49)
Note: national nominating conventions used for first time in this election!
Sees his huge margin of victory as a mandate from the people to kill the Bank
So…. he does:
Had already vetoed the re-chartering bill
Took federal $ out of the bank and put them into his “pet” state banks
Disastrous effects
Paper money scarce & specie virtually unobtainable
Specie Circular, 1836
Buy future federal land only with gold or silver
Serious panic threatens & occurs by 1837 (lasts ‘til ‘43)
Results of the Specie Circular:
Banknotes loose their value.
Land sales plummeted.
Credit not available.
Businesses began to fail.
Unemployment rose.

26. Indian Removal Policies
Jackson’s Goal? View of Americans?
1830  Indian Removal Act
How were the Cherokees different?
Cherokees & John Marshall - how does Marshall rule?
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) –
GA would not recognize Cherokee nation in spite of treaties
Marshall agrees with Cherokees but says they don’t have standing to sue in court
AJ absolutely committed to idea of western expansion & remove Indians from this path. Saw Indians as savages. Wants to move them west of MS River, pay for land & for cost of moving them. Most Americans completely agree.
Many went without argument:
Choctaws, 15,000 to W of AR Territory
Sac & Fox in IL resisted removal – brutally subdued
Cherokee sought different route – adapt to white ways – Accommodation
farmers, raised cattle, had turnpikes, ideas of property ownership, written language, schools,
a constitution (3 branches of govt)
sought to est. an ind. state within GA
Cherokee Nation v. GA
GA would not recognize Cherokee nation in spite of treaties
Marshall agrees with Cherokees but says they don’t have standing to sue in court
Worcester v. GA
2 missionaries to Cherokees / no licenses as required by GA law
Marshall rules laws of GA had no force in boundaries of Cherokee territory
Holds GA law unconstitutional again in a later case - Cherokees had right to their property
Jackson backs GA’s position – no independent nation can exist within the US
Note: Jackson’s willingness to allow state of GA to ignore a Sup. Ct. ruling made many states’ rightists believe he would not oppose idea of nullification.

27. Indian Removal Policies
WORCESTER V. GA (1832)
2 missionaries to Cherokees / no licenses as required by GA laws
Marshall rules laws of GA had no force in boundaries of Cherokee territory
Holds GA law unconstitutional again in a later case - Cherokees had right to their property
Jackson backs GA’s position – no independent nation can exist within the US
Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!
AJ absolutely committed to idea of western expansion & remove Indians from this path. Saw Indians as savages. Wants to move them west of MS River, pay for land & for cost of moving them. Most Americans completely agree.
Many went without argument:
Choctaws, 15,000 to W of AR Territory
Sac & Fox in IL resisted removal – brutally subdued
Cherokee sought different route – adapt to white ways – Accommodation
farmers, raised cattle, had turnpikes, ideas of property ownership, written language, schools,
a constitution (3 branches of govt)
sought to est. an ind. state within GA

28. The Cherokee Nation After 1820
What does Jackson’s willingness to allow GA to ignore Supreme Ct. rulings tell states rightists?
made many states’ rightists believe he would not oppose idea of nullification.

29. Over 4,000 die of starvation/exposure on 116 day journey
THE TRAIL OF TEARS, 1838 & 1839
Over 4,000 die of starvation/exposure on 116 day journey

30. Indian Removal

31. SEMINOLES Major exception to Jackson’s Indian policies
Resisted and were mostly successful
Second Seminole War;
led by Chief Osceola
Escaped, hid out in the Everglades and adopted an an entire new lifestyle

32. Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans
Jackson had two adopted sons. One was Andrew Jackson Jr., an orphan and the son of Rachel's brother Severn Donelson. The other was a young Indian boy whose parents had been killed on the frontier battlefield in a war against the Creeks. Jackson found the child and had him delivered to his home, where he was named Lyncoya and where Jackson raised him as a son. Lyncoya died in 1828 at age 16, probably from pneumonia or tuberculosis.
The Jacksons also served as guardians for several other children, which under the customs of the day meant that the Jacksons provided for the financial welfare of these children, who were mostly cousins, nieces, and nephews, but they did not live with the Jacksons.

33. Assassination Attempt, 1835
Jackson is the only President to beat up his own would-be assassin!
The first attempt to do bodily harm to a President was against Jackson. Jackson ordered the dismissal of Robert B. Randolph from the Navy for embezzlement. On May 6, 1833, Jackson sailed on USS Cygnet to Virginia, where he was to lay the cornerstone on a monument near the grave of Mary Ball Washington, George Washington's mother. During a stopover near Alexandria, VA, Randolph appeared and struck the President. He then fled the scene with several members of Jackson's party chasing him. Jackson decided not to press charges.
On January 30, 1835, what is believed to be the first attempt to kill a sitting President of the United States occurred just outside the Capitol. When Jackson was leaving the Capitol out of the East Portico after a funeral, Richard Lawrence, an unemployed and deranged housepainter from England, either burst from a crowd or stepped out from hiding behind a column and aimed a pistol at Jackson which misfired. Lawrence then pulled out a second pistol which also misfired. It has since been postulated that the moisture from the humid weather of the day contributed to the double misfiring. Lawrence was then restrained, with legend saying that Jackson attacked Lawrence with his cane, prompting his aides to restrain him. Others present, including Davy Crockett, restrained and disarmed Lawrence.
Richard Lawrence gave the doctors several reasons for the shooting. He had recently lost his job painting houses and somehow blamed Jackson. He claimed that with the President dead, "money would be more plenty" (a reference to Jackson’s struggle with the Bank of the United States) and that he "could not rise until the President fell." Finally, he informed his interrogators that he was a deposed English King—specifically, Richard III, dead since 1485—and that Jackson was merely his clerk. He was deemed insane, institutionalized, and never punished for his assassination attempt.
Afterwards, due to curiosity concerning the double misfires, the pistols were tested and retested. Each time they performed perfectly. When these results were known, many believed that Jackson had been protected by the same Providence which had protected the young nation. This national pride was a large part of the Jacksonian cultural myth fueling American expansion in the 1830s.

34. JACKSON,
Photo of Andrew Jackson in (one year before his death)
Jackson was one of the more sickly presidents, suffering from chronic headaches, abdominal pains, and a hacking cough, caused by a musket ball in his lung that was never removed, that often brought up blood and sometimes made his whole body shake. After retiring to Nashville, he enjoyed eight years of retirement and died at The Hermitage on June 8, 1845, at the age of 78, of chronic tuberculosis and heart failure.
In his will, Jackson left his entire estate to his adopted son, Andrew Jackson Jr., except for specifically enumerated items that were left to various other friends and family members