1. Long and Short Sleepers
Sarah Larson
Hattie Hartzell
Breanna Platt
Long and Short Sleepers

2. Could the length of sleep needed be inherited?
Ernest Hartmann (1973)
First to published findings of Short (SS) VS Long (LS) sleepers
Ernest Hartmann
psychiatrist at sleep disorders center in Massachusetts
Identical twins (raised together or seperate) have more similar sleep characteristics including length than non twins
– Does this mean the characteristics of sleep are based mainly on a genetic basis and not environmental? –
What are your thoughts to this?
I have always seen sleep as an environmental influenced behavior rather than a strong physiological correlation attached but this chapter especially gave rise to a genetic basis
Published research in 1973 on groups of sleepers who need more (9 hrs) than average or less(<5 ½ ) than average
Used clinical interview and psychological tests then monitored sleeping in sleep lab
Sleep stages and NREM-REM cycle normal
Long sleepers got more REM and stage 2 than average adult
Long sleepers has 2x as much REM as short sleepers
Sleep efficiency of long sleepers was poorer than that of short sleepers – long sleepers have been shown to recover more quickly from sleep deprivation
They may have found a gene in DNA that supports sleep is physiological  will discuss this more later when we tlak about phase shift disoreders

3. Psychological results
Short Sleepers
Long Sleepers
more self-content
full of energy and proficient
desire to be productive
more socially sophisticated
outgoing
introverted
worry about things
very creative
neurotic traits
manifested more bodily aches
Psychological tests reveled the info above
Short --(more conforming and had tendency to deny problems)
Long-active politically in a critical and non conformist way- showed mild to moderate ---(not self confident and others anxious, inhibited, and depressed)
These were the psychological results from the study mentioned before

4. Participant’s attitudes toward sleep
Why would it be beneficial to be anything but a short sleeper?
Participant’s attitudes toward sleep
Dr. Aeschbach and colleagues
short sleepers tolerated being sleep deprived better than long sleepers
LS - liked sleep and felt necessary to get sufficient amount
SS- viewed as waste of time

5. New study 10 healthy long sleepers 14 short sleepers
(>9 hrs)
14 short sleepers
(<6 hrs)
Studied under absence of sleep
Results showed a physiological difference between short and long sleepers
Studied individual differences in duration of biological night
Studied individual differences in duration of biological night
Looked at nocturnal interval of circadian rythms – neuroendocrine function
Body temp
Arousal
10 healthy long sleepers
(>9 hrs)
14 short sleepers
(<6 hrs)
Studied under absence of sleep
High plasma melatonin levels, Low body temp increased cortisol level and increased sleepiness were longer in long sleepers
Circadian pacemaker programs a longer biological night in long sleepers than sort sleepers  circatdian packemaker’s prgoram contribute to variablity of sleep duration in gen population
Persistance of ind circadian program may underlie common difficulty of changing habitual sleep duration willfully
--put name and year for reference on the slide
Daniel Aeschbach 2003

6. Study performed Awakened end of each REM
Hartmann interpreted data - long sleepers experienced psychological change during the night that short sleepers didn’t
Long sleepers- early on felt quiet and passive but turned to active and energetic by end of night
Short sleepers – no change
Hartmann interpreted this as long sleepers experienced psychological change during the night that short sleepers didn’t

7. Hartman studied “other” group
In effort to determine causality
Personality/lifestyle preceded changes in sleep
Long sleep serves as psychological function
Emotional tumult = average sleeper increases REM a significant degree
Other researchers do not support this
The data from the previous study showed to be intriguing but correlational making it impossible to determine if the personality/lifestyle determined the sleep characteristics or vice versa
Other group---Things are going well in life- short sleepers – when stress, job uncertainty, physical demands or emotional strife – long sleepers
Found that personality/ lifestyle changes preceded the changes in sleep – suggested longer sleep serves as psychological function
During emotional tumult, average sleepers increase REM to a modest but significant degree
Research needs to be replicated using newer techniques because MSLT was not available at this time to asses factors such as if length of sleep was what sleepers actually needed or was self imposed sleep deprivation or oversleeping an issue

8. American Cancer Society Study
American Cancer Society – 1 million over age 30 – 6 years later they checked back and more long and short sleepers died compared to average length – the greater the reported sleep deviated from 8 hours the higher the mortality rate ..

9. Morning Larks & Night OWLs

10. Morning Larks and Night owls
Phase shifted
Phase advance
Science Review magazine article
Alaa El-Gendy 2007
Morning larks =morning types=MT
Night owls = evening types= Ets
Neither types = NTs
Phase shifted – shape of circadian rhythm curve is same but whole thing is shifted to left for phase advance or right for phase delay --- degree of shift is usually less than an hour but is enough for a noticeable difference
Old ppl – phase advanced – teenagers – phase delayed
Phase advance = morning larks(morning types(MTs) and phase delay = night owls (Evenining types (Ets) --- NTs are neither type
DELAYED SLEEP PHASE SYNDROME
does not attempt to sleep until late (between 2 AM and 6 AM)
awakens in the late morning or afternoon (10 AM to 2 PM).
difficulty with daytime functioning and excessive drowsiness
try a variety of hypnotic medications or alcohol in an attempt to initiate sleep.
Sleep structure (phase changes) are usually normal if allwed to follow own uninterupted sleep-wake cycle
Primary DSPS results from an unusually long circadian period due to abnormalities in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
ADVANCED SLEEP PHASE SYNDROME
sleep in the early evening and wakes up earlier than desired in the morning (2 AM to 4 AM).
If not allowed to sleep early they suffer from sleep disruption and daytime sleepiness.
ASPS is frequently seen in the elderly and in post-menopausal women.
The basic mechanism is an inherent shortening of the internal circadian timing period.
sleep architecture is normal and does not exhibit the shortened REM latency and other REM sleep abnormalities that are seen in depressed patients.

11. Class Questionarre
Questionarre developed by Smith, Reily, and Midkiff (1989)
distinguishes between Ets Mts and Nts
13 questions
Distribute questionarre -> let class take it  ask to raise hand and get totals for class as far as what type  we should know how to do this and do ahead of time so we can help with scoring …

12. 2 hour phase shift between ET and MT
MORNING TYPES
EVENING TYPES
*More alert later in day
*perform better in evening
*More irregular in bedtime habits
*Experience less jet lag
* Tolerate shift work better
* More alert in morning *More Tired in evening *Fall Asleep easier *Better moods after awaken *wake more during sleep
2 hour phase shift between ET and MT
More irregular in bedtime habits especially on non work nights from nychthemeron to nychthemeron but average the same amoutns and patterns of sleep
*Ciracadian temperature peaks 1 hour earlier

13. Cause of people to be MTs and Ets
Not a choice
Working class versus students
Age
Not easy to adopt sleep habits of other type – not a choice
Of ppl the same age = more workers than students are MTs – some flexibility given demands of work
Age plays important role in younger ppl tending to be Ets then becoming NTs and MTs as they get older
Older ppl are generally MTs but these characteristics are noticeable by middle ages

14. Teens and College

15. Teens tend to be strongly phase delayed
Can present many of them with real problems when they have to be in school at an early time

16. Results: Chronic sleep deprivation
In the US, many teens have to be up around 6-7am, however their bodies don’t want to fall asleep until around 11pm
desire to socialize
work
Results: Chronic sleep deprivation

17. Does delaying school until 8:30 or 9:00 help?
Yes, according to University of Minnesota’s Center for Applied Research and Educational Improvement.
Minneapolis, MN – used these start times for schools
Better results in suburban Edina High School than the urban Minneapolis schools

18. Effect on students in later starting schools
Students more alert and sleepiness decreased in the later starting schools
Less students seeking help for emotional and physical complaints
Better attendance and less tardiness
Students report earning higher grades, and statistical analyses of records found a slight increase
Better behavior

19. Effects continued…
Able to do homework during school hours because they felt more alert
Parents report they are “easier to live with” and they have more “connection time” over breakfast

20. Researcher’s opinion
Parents and teens could do more in getting to bed earlier, especially on weekends.
Need to recognize the importance of adequate amounts of sleep taken at regular times

21. College students
College students sleep is far worse than high school students, especially in Freshman
College students delay their bedtime even more
Delayed bedtimes shorten their average night of sleep and make them even more phase delayed
Has gotten worse over the years

22. Typical college freshman is considerably sleepy during the day  significant impairment
Napping becomes common
As they continue through college, sleep deprivation gradually reverses results from earlier bedtimes & needing less sleep

23. Differences in Sleep between Men & Women

24. Similarities Sleep stages Homeostatic and rhythmic components
Changes with age
The sleep of men and women is nearly identical

25. Reyner & Horne (1995)
Found differences in men & women’s sleep patterns
Women tend to go to bed earlier and fall asleep sooner
However, women do not sleep as well, with more awakenings and time spent awake
Reyner & Horne found some differences between the sleep of men and women previously unrecognized. The national sleep foundation poll of 2001 found that adult women are more likely than men to get 8 straight hours of sleep on workdays but no differences on non-workdays

26. Main Difference
Problems of sleep in the elderly tend to occur sooner in males by about 10 years
Ex. Some elderly females still show classical SWS, but few elderly males do
Women have twice as many sleep spindles, more SWS, and differences in delta waves
Things like sleep deprivation, drugs, shift work, and jet lag may also magnify the differences in the sleep of women compared to men

27. Women & Reproductive Hormones
Menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause have effects on sleep quality & quantity
Theory by Kathryn Lee, PhD, Department of Family Health Care Nursing
Greater attention has been paid to conditions distinctive in women

28. Contradictions to this theory
Great differences both within and between women in the length of each cycle
Not all women have the same changes in their sleep during their menstrual cycle
Use of oral contraceptives changes hormone levels and thus sleep
Effects of menarche have not been studied, but the menstrual cycle has been. After this, enough research has been done to make the following points

29. Supporting Facts
½ of menstruating women report that bloating disturbs their sleep for 2 or 3 days, resulting in less rest
Women tend to feel sleepier, fall asleep more quickly, awaken less, decrease latency to REMS, and increase stage 2 sleep
Prior to menstruation, women find it more difficult to fall asleep, experience poorer sleep by more awakenings, have lower sleep efficiency, spend more time in bed, get less SWS, recall more vivid dreams, and sleepier during the day

30. Sleeping & Pregnancy 75% of women say sleep is more disturbed
Most noticeable change – increase in sleepiness and sleeping, nights & napping
Decrease in both SWS and sleep efficiency
Usually things get better into the second trimester, but it all depends on the woman. Some women say that their sleep patterns continue to change throughout their pregnancy, and others say during the last month of pregnancy their sleep is back to normal.

31. Causes for Sleep Changes during Pregnancy
Metabolic changes
Physical discomfort
Muscle cramps
Lower back and joint pain
Leg discomfort
Nausea and heartburn
Sinus congestion
Increase urge to urinate
Fetal movements
Emotional changes
Anxiety and depression play a big role in pregnancy and also dealing with sleep changes. During the 2nd trimester, the fetus begins to move, causing discomfort and awakenings. Also, sleep after pregnancy results in fatigue and disruption caused by the newborn needing attention (which also changes the father’s sleeping habits). Estimation – parents of a newborn for the first year lose hours of sleep

32. So differences in sleep between men and women?
There are many different things including menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and menopause that women experience to make the study of sleep between men & women inaccurate
Hormones between men and women are very different

33. References
ARTICLES
Aeschbach, Daniel, Leo Sher, Teodor Postolache, Jeffery Matthews, and Michael Jackson. "A Longer Biological Night in Long Sleepers Than in Short Sleepers." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88.1 (2003): Web. 4 May <
El-Gendy, Alaa. "Phase Shift Disorders: What Makes Them Tick?." Sleep Review Magazine June 2007: n. pag. Web. 4 May < 06_02.asp>.
PICTURES
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