1. Ban DHMO? DHMO is dihydrogen monoxide.
Evaluate the following link and decide if this potentially dangerous chemical should be prohibited.

2. Chemical Reactions

3. Chemical Reactions
the process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances

4. Clues of Chemical Reactions
Gas Formation
Watch Demonstration
NaCHO + CH3COOH NaCH3COO- + H2O + CO2
Solid Formation
Precipitate
PbNO3 + KI PbI + KNO3
Color Change
pH Indicators
Energy Change

6. Naming Compounds and Writing Formulas

7. H2O Chemical Formulas Chemical Symbols- What elements are present
Subscript- Tells the number of atoms
of the proceeding element

8. How Many Atoms H2O= CH4= C2H6= C6H12O6= Mg(OH)2= Al2(SO4)3= 2NaCl =
2 Hydrogen 1 Oxygen
1 Carbon 4 Hydrogen
2 Carbon 6 Hydrogen
6 Carbon 12 Hydrogen 6 Oxygen
1 Magnesium 2 Oxygen 2 Hydrogen
2 Aluminum 3 Sulfur 12 Oxygen
2 Sodium 2 Chlorine
4 Aluminum 6 Sulfur 24 Oxygen

9. ION – any atom with more or less electrons that it is
Ions
ION – any atom with more or
less electrons that it is
supposed to have*
*Remember that the number of electrons
is supposed to be equal to the number of
Protons if the atom has a neutral charge

10. Metals will tend to lose electrons and become
Ions
Metals will tend to lose electrons and become
POSITIVE CATIONS = Na
11 p
10 e + -
to become sodium ion + -
11 p
11 e Na
Normal sodium atom - 1e
loses one electron

11. Nonmetals will tend to gain electrons and become
Ions
Nonmetals will tend to gain electrons and become
NEGATIVE ANIONS
17 p
17 e + - Cl
Normal chlorine atom = Cl
17 p
18 e + -
to become a chloride ion + 1e -
gains an electron

12. Na+1 is called a sodium ion
Ions
Na+1 is called a sodium ion
The +1 symbol means it
has lost one electron

13. Mg+2 is called a magnesium ion
Ions
Mg+2 is called a magnesium ion
The +2 symbol means it
has lost two electron

14. S-2 is called a sulfide ion has gained two electron
Ions
S-2 is called a sulfide ion
The -2 symbol means it
has gained two electron

15. Cl-1 is called a chloride ion has gained one electron
Ions
Cl-1 is called a chloride ion
The -1 symbol means it
has gained one electron

16. Tips to keep in mind when naming and writing formulas:
Always keep your Periodic Table handy – You should have it in front of you ALWAYS when you are naming and writing formulas.
Remember that metals (except Hydrogen) are found to the left of the stairstep on the Periodic Table.
Nonmetals are found on the right side of the Periodic Table.
Transition Metals are found from Group 3 to the stairstep (except aluminum which is a regular metal)

18. 5 types of chemical compounds
Binary ionic - metal ion – nonmetal ion
Ternary ionic - at least one ion is a polyatomic ion
Binary molecular - two nonmetals
Binary acid - H – nonmetal
Ternary acid - H – Polyatomic ion

19. How do you name binary ionic compounds
How do you name binary ionic compounds? (composed of two elements – a metal and a nonmetal)
Name the first ion
If the first ion is a transition element other than zinc, cadmium, or silver, you must use a Roman Numeral with the name – we’ll discuss this later.
Name the second ion changing the suffix to –ide.

20. Name the nonmetal ion, changing the suffix to –ide.
Examples
NaCl
What is the name of this compound:
HIJKLMNO?
WATER – “H” to “O”
You have to admit – that was funny!
Name the metal ion
Sodium
Chloride
CaO
Name the nonmetal ion, changing the suffix to –ide.
Calcium
Oxide
Al2S3
Aluminum
Sulfide
MgI2
Magnesium
Iodide
BaNa2
You should recognize a problem with this one
The name of this is Banana (JOKE – haha)
This is two metals – not a binary ionic compound

21. Notice – metal and nonmetal.
What about the transition metals and using roman numerals? How does that work? Let’s see.
FeO
Notice – metal and nonmetal.
Name the first ion. Since the first ion is a transition element, you must use a Roman Numeral to represent the charge.
Iron II
Oxide
How do you know the charge?
Deductive reasoning.
All compounds are neutral.
Oxygen has a -2 charge (group 16)
Therefore ….. Iron must have a +2 charge since there is one iron and one oxygen. Iron gets a Roman Numeral II.
Isn’t this easy and FUN!!!

22. Cu2S
Name the first ion. Since it is a transition metal, you must use a Roman Numeral.
Which Roman Numeral? The Roman Numeral is the same as the charge of the ion.
How do you find the charge?
Deductive reasoning!
All compounds are neutral
Sulfur has a -2 charge (group 16)
There are two coppers.
Therefore each copper must have a +1 charge for all ions to be neutral
Copper I
Sulfide

23. Another Example: MnO2
Name the first ion. Since it is a transition metal, you must use a Roman Numeral.
How do you determine the Roman Numeral?
It is the same as the charge.
What is the charge of Mn?
All compounds are neutral.
Oxygen (group 16) has a -2 charge.
There are two oxygens and one Mn.
Therefore Mn must have a +4 charge for this compound to be neutral.
Manganese IV
oxide

24. More Samples MnO3 NbCl5 TiP PdS2 PtF2 Os2O6 Ir3N4 CoCl2 Fe2S3 AuI3 CuF
Cr2O3
PbI2
PbCl4
CrO3
AuBr
NiO
VI3
SnO2

25. So why must we use Roman Numerals with transition elements?
The metals in groups 1, 2, and 13 have single, definite charges.
Group 1 metals have a +1 charge.
Group 2 metals have a +2 charge.
Group 13 metals have a +3 charge.
Transition metals may have multiple charges – usually two different positive charges.
For example, there are two copper oxide compounds:
CuO
Copper II oxide
Copper is +2
Cu2O
Copper I oxide
Copper is +1
Cu2O and CuO
We can’t just say Copper oxide. Which one of these is Copper oxide? We must distinguish these by using a Roman Numeral

26. You need to remember the charges for these.
There are three transition elements which do not require a Roman Numeral because they have single definite charges. These are
Zinc – Zn+2
Cadmium – Cd+2
Silver – Ag+1
You need to remember the charges for these.
No Roman Numerals needed for these.
Ag2O
Name the first ion.
Name the second ion changing the suffix to –ide.
Silver
oxide
ZnCl2
Name the first ion.
Zinc
chloride
Name the second ion changing the suffix to –ide.

27. How do you write formulas for binary ionic compounds given the name?
Two simple steps:
Write the symbol and charge of each ion
Balance the charges by providing subscripts
Magnesium chloride
Write the symbol and charge of each ion.
Mg Cl-1
Cl-1
Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. Subscripts tell how many of each atom is present.
MgCl2
You need a second Cl-1 to balance the charges

28. FeBr3 More examples: Iron III bromide
Write the symbol and charge of each ion. The charge of the iron is provided by the Roman Numeral.
Fe Br -1
Br -1
Br -1
FeBr3
Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. The subscripts tell how many of each ion is needed to balance the compound.
You’ll need three bromine ions to balance the one iron.

29. Al2S3 Aluminum Sulfide Write the symbol and charge of each ion.
Balance the charges by supplying subscripts.
S-2
In this case the charges do not evenly divide into each other. You must find the least common multiple. SIX
Al2S3
How many aluminums are needed to arrive at a +6 charge? 2
How many sulfurs are needed to arrive at a -6 charge? 3

30. Second Category of compounds – Ternary Ionic Compounds
Second Category of compounds – Ternary Ionic Compounds. These compounds contain at least one polyatomic ion.
What is a polyatomic ion?
Let’s look at the name to try to understands.
It is an ion – that means it has a charge.
It is polyatomic – that means it is made of more than one atom.
Simple as that!!
Let’s look at some examples of polyatomic ions.

31. CO3-2
carbonate
This ion is composed of one carbon and three oxygens and the entire group has a charge of -2.
Polyatomic ion – Group of atoms that act as a unit and carry a charge.
More examples:
PO4-3
Phosphate
C2H3O2-1
Acetate
SO4-2
Sulfate
OH-1
Hydroxide
SO3-2
Sulfite
NO3-1
Nitrate
ClO4-1
Perchlorate
NO2-1
Nitrite
ClO3-1
Chlorate
NH4+1
Ammonium
(only positive PI)
ClO2-1
Chlorite
ClO-1
Hypochlorite
You need to learn these!!!

32. Polyatomic Ion s How do you recognize Ternary Ionic Compounds?
Composed of two ions in which at least one is a polyatomic ion.
There is only one positive polyatomic ion (NH4+1)
Three possible types of Ternary Ionic Compounds:
Ammonium + negative ion (nonmetal)
Metal (positive ion) + negative polyatomic ion
Ammonium + negative polyatomic ion
Polyatomic Ion s

33. How do you name Ternary Ionic Compounds?
EASY! PIECE OF CAKE! NO PROBLEM!
Name the first ion.
Name the second ion. Isn’t that simple??!!
Examples:
When you look at this compound you should recognize that this is NOT binary. There are THREE elements present. When you see this, immediately look for a polyatomic ion. Carbonate is present here.
Na2CO3
Sodium
carbonate
Notice that you do NOT change the suffix – just name the polyatomic ion
Name the first ion.
Name the second ion.

34. A few more examples:
Fe(OH)3
Name the first ion.
Iron
III
hydroxide
Remember that iron requires a Roman Numeral since it is a transition element. What Roman Numeral should be used?
Since there are 3 OH groups, each with a -1 charge, the charge of the iron must be +3 for the compound to be neutral
The Roman Numeral comes from the charge of the ion. How do you find the charge of the iron?
You know two things:
All compounds are neutral.
You know the charge of OH (-1)
Name the polyatomic ion.

35. NH4Cl
Name the first ion.
Ammonium
chloride
Name the second ion.
Notice that since the second ion is a nonmetal that, like binary ionic compounds, the suffix of the nonmetal changes to –ide.
Name the first ion.
(NH4)3PO4
Ammonium
phosphate
Name the second ion.
Looks like a monster, but it’s really just easy.

36. ONE more example:
Cu2SO4
Name the first ion.
You should realize that you need a Roman Numeral since copper is a transition metal.
Copper I
sulfate
The Roman Numeral is the same as the charge.
What is the charge?
The charge of sulfate is -2.
Since there are two coppers, the charge of the copper must be +1.
Name the second ion.

37. How do you write formulas for Ternary Ionic Compounds?
Very much like writing formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds.
Two steps:
Write the formulas/symbols of each ion.
Balance the charges by supplying subscripts.
If a subscript is needed for a polyatomic ion, it must be put in parentheses with the subscript on the outside.
Let’s do some!!

38. Al(NO3)3 Aluminum nitrate
First, you can tell from the name that there is a polyatomic ion present (nitrate). All binary ionic compounds have suffixes of –ide.
Al NO3-1
Al(NO3)3
Write the formula/symbol and charge of each ion.
Balance the charges by supplying subscripts.
Since Al is +3 and NO3 is -1, you need a total of 3NO3-1 to balance one Al+3
Since you will need a subscript of 3 for NO3-1, you need to put this in parentheses with the 3 outside.

39. Ca3(PO4)2 Pb(C2H3O2)4 Lead (IV) acetate
Write the formula/symbol and charge of each ion.
Pb C2H3O2-1
Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. Since Pb is +4 and C2H3O2 is -1, you will need 4 C2H3O2-1 to balance 1Pb+4
Pb(C2H3O2)4
Write the formula/symbol and charge of each ion.
Calcium phosphate
Ca PO4-3
Balance the charges by supplying subscripts. Since Ca is +2 and PO4 is -3, you will need 3 Ca+2 to balance 2 PO4-3
Ca3(PO4)2

40. POLYATOMIC IONS ACT JUST LIKE ANY OTHER NEGATIVE ION WHEN BONDING
Na SO +1 -2 4

41. Ions
Na SO 2 4
SODIUM SULFATE

42. Ions
Al NO +3 3 -1
Al NO 3 1 ( ) 3

43. The Third Category of Compounds – Binary Molecular
What are Binary Molecular Compounds?
These compounds contain two elements (binary).
The term “molecular” indicates that these elements are joined by a covalent bond.
They must therefore be nonmetals.
Bottom line – 2 elements – both nonmetals
To name and write formulas for these, you must know some numerical prefixes.

44. Naming – you must use prefixes.
1 = mono 3 = tri = penta = hepta = nona
2 = di 4 = tetra 6 = hexa = octa = deca
Steps
The first nonmetal only gets a numeric prefix when there is more than one. No prefix if there is only one.
The second element always gets a numeric prefix and always has a suffix of -ide

45. Dinitrogen tetraoxide H2O Dihydrogen monoxide CCl4
CO2
Carbon dioxide CO
Carbon monoxide
N2O4
Dinitrogen tetraoxide
H2O
Dihydrogen monoxide
CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride
Name the first element. Since there is only one, no prefix is needed. The second element always gets a prefix and a suffix of –ide.
Name the first element. Since there are two present, the prefix “di” is needed. The second element always gets a prefix and a suffix of –ide.
Do you think it wise to BAN DHMO?

46. AlCl3
What do you think about this one???
Be careful. This is a metal and nonmetal.
Always keep your Periodic Table in front of you for reference.
You may have been tempted to say “aluminum trichloride”. This is INCORRECT!
This is a binary IONIC compound. No prefixes are used. Simply aluminum chloride.
Given the names of binary molecular compounds, how do you write the formulas?
Very easy to do!!! The prefixes tell you how to write the formulas. DO NOT CONSIDER CHARGES. NONMETALS ARE ALL NEGATIVE SO TO USE CHARGES DOES NOT WORK!

47. SiO2 P2Cl5 Silicon dioxide Diphosphorous pentachloride
Silicon and oxygen are both nonmetals.
The lack of a prefix on silicon means that there is only ONE silicon.
The prefix “di” in front of oxide means that there are TWO oxygens.
SiO2
Diphosphorous pentachloride
P2Cl5
Phosphorous and chloride are both nonmetals.
The prefix “di” means that there are TWO phosphorouses (Is that a word?)
The prefix “penta” before chlorine means that there are five chlorines.

48. NO Is this not sooooooo easy!?? Nitrogen monoxide
Nitrogen and oxygen are both nonmetals.
The lack of a prefix on nitrogen means only ONE nitrogen.
The prefix “mono” on oxygen indicates ONE oxygen. NO
Is this not sooooooo easy!??

49. What are Binary Acids?
Binary means two elements
Acid means it contains hydrogen
The second element is a nonmetal
hydrogen – nonmetal
Naming
All binary acids follow the pattern as shown below:

50. -ic Acid Hydro- < NM > HCl HI H2S Prefix Suffix Hydro chlor ic
Stem or root of nonmetal
Prefix
Suffix
-ic
Acid
Hydro-
< NM >
HCl is a binary acid – hydrogen - nonmetal
HCl
Hydro
chlor ic
Acid HI
Hydro
iod ic
Acid
H2S
Hydro
sulfur ic
Acid

51. HF Given the name, how do you write formulas for binary acids?
The obvious pattern of the name tells you that it is a binary acid. Hydro<NM>ic Acid.
Therefore, you know that the acids begins with hydrogen and contains a nonmetal which you can identify between the “Hydro” and the “ic”
To arrive at the formula, you “pretend” that hydrogen is +1 and using the normal charge of the nonmetal, balance the formula by supplying subscripts.
Hydrofluoric Acid
The name tells you that this is a binary acid.
H F-1 HF

52. H3P Hydrophosphoric acid
The name tells you that it is definitely a binary acid.
H P-3
H3P
Remember that the P has a -3 charge because it is in group 15

53. Let’s Practice
Ca(OH)2
Calcium hydroxide
SO2
Sulfur dioxide
(NH4)3PO4
Ammonium phosphate
Co2(CO3)3
Cobalt (III) carbonate
HBr
Hydrobromic acid
Ternary Ionic
Binary molecular
Ternary Ionic
Ternary Ionic
Binary acid

54. Potassium acetate KC2H3O2 Cadmium nitrate Cd(NO3)2 Aluminum oxide
Al2O3
Hydrosulfuric acid
H2S
Difluorine trioxide
F2O3
Ternary Ionic
Ternary Ionic
Binary Ionic
Binary acid
Binary molecular

55. The fifth category of compounds is Ternary Acids.
These compounds begin with hydrogen since they are “acids”.
Attached to the hydrogen is a polyatomic ion
Hydrogen – polyatomic ion

56. -ic acid How are Ternary Acids named?
There are two categories of naming depending on the suffix of the polyatomic ion.
First Category: If the polyatomic ion has a suffix of –ate or –ide, use the following pattern:
suffix
-ic
acid
<Root of polyatomic ion>
Ternary Acid – contains the polyatomic ion sulfate (suffix –ate).
Ternary Acid – contains the polyatomic ion cyanide (suffix –ide).
Ternary Acid – contains the polyatomic ion chlorate (suffix –ate)
Ternary Acid – contains the polyatomic ion nitrate (suffix –ate).
HClO3
Chlor ic
Acid
HNO3
Nitr ic
Acid
H2SO4
Sulfur ic
Acid
HCN
Cyan ic
Acid

57. Second Category: If the polyatomic ion has a suffix of –ite, use the following pattern:
-ous
acid
<Root of polyatomic ion>
Ternary acid contains polyatomic ion, nitrite (-ite suffix).
HNO2
Nitr
ous
acid
HClO2
Chlor
ous
acid
Ternary acid contains polyatomic ion, chlorite (-ite suffix).
Sulfur
ous
acid
Ternary acid contains polyatomic ion, sulfite (-ite suffix).
H2SO3

58. HC2H3O2 How are Ternary Acids named?
First, a ternary acid is easy to distinguish from a binary acid.
ALL binary acids have the prefix “hydro-”.
NO Ternary acids have the prefix “hydro-”.
Acetic acid
This is an acid, but NOT a binary acid.
This is a ternary acid.
The “-ic” suffix in the acid name tells you that the polyatomic ion must have a “-ate” suffix – acetate.
To write the formula, pretend that hydrogen is +1 and balance the charges.
H+1 C2H3O2-1
HC2H3O2

59. HClO H3PO4 Hypochlorous acid
This is a Ternary acid (does not begin with “hydro-”.
H ClO-1
The “-ous” suffix indicates that the polyatomic ion in this acid has a suffix of “-ite” - hypochlorite
HClO
Pretend that hydrogen is +1 and balance the charges.
This is a Ternary acid (does not begin with “hydro-”.
Phosphoric acid
H3PO4
The “-ic” suffix indicates that the polyatomic ion in this acid has a suffix of “-ate” - phosphate
Pretend that hydrogen is +1 and balance the charges.