1. اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی مرتبط با کار
تهیه کننده:
زهرا نقوی

2. اختلالات اندامهای فوقانی
سندرم تونل کارپال
سندرم تونل کوبیتال
سندرم خروجی توراسیک
سندرم رینود یا سفید انگشتی
سندرم کلاهک پیچاننده
بیماری دکوئورین
التهاب تاندون
التهاب تنوسینویت
انگشت ماشه ای
کیست گانگلیون

3. اختلالات عصبی - عروقی سندرم تونل کارپال سندرم تونل کوبیتال
ضربه به عصب مدیان باعث تحریک و تورم تاندونها در تونل کارپال می شود.
سندرم تونل کوبیتال
فشار به عصب اولنار زمانی که آرنج با سطوح سخت و سفت مواجهه است.
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

4. اختلالات عصبی – عروقی سندرم خروجی قفسه سینه سندرم رینود
بهم فشردگی عروق خونی بین گردن و شانه که در اثر دسترسی به سطح بالاتر از شانه یا حمل اشیاء سنگین ایجاد می شود.
سندرم رینود
همچنین با عنوان سفید انگشتی در اثر ارتعاش شناخته می شود، عروق خونی دست در اثر مواجهه مکرر با ارتعاش برای مدت زمان طولانی آسیب می بیند (تنگ می شود).
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

5. اختلالات تاندونی تنوسینویت کیست گانگلیون تاندونیت یا التهاب تاندون
سندرم ماهیچۀ گردنده کاف
بیماری دکوئروین
ترکیب التهاب تاندون و تنوسینویت
تاندونیت یا التهاب تاندون
تحریک تاندون
تنوسینویت
تحریک غلاف سینویال
کیست گانگلیون
تجمع مایع در داخل غلاف تاندون
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

6. التهاب های تاندون
38% are highly conspicuous – potentially embarrassing or dramatically different from normal work routines.
1% cannot be performed in the work area – require more space or different attire than is typically available in the workplace.
1% significantly interrupt work flow – last several minutes or more.
6% are difficult to perform – too complex.
6% have poor instructions – Instructions difficult to understand or follow.
40% replicate physical stressors of work – e.g.. stretch spinal muscles and ligaments overstretched by sitting or wrist exercises which may exacerbate physical demands of keying
38% present safety hazards – e.g.. use mobile office furniture as props or are unsafe for obese or pregnant individuals.
90% have health contra-indications – not appropriate for individuals with acute or chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or lower back pain.

7. دست و مچ

8. اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی تجمعی رایج در اندامهای فوقانی
سندرم تونل کارپال از تورم مزمن تاندونهای تا کننده یا خم کننده در مچ حاصل می شود.
عصب مدیان که سه انگشت اول و انگشت شست را تغذیه می کند، می تواند در اثر فشار به تونل کارپال در مچ آسیب ببیند.
علائم شامل:
درد در سه انگشت اول و انگشت شست
بی حسی در این نواحی
سوزش یا خارش در این نواحی

9. سندرم تونل کارپال
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

10. عصب مدیان فیزیولوژی سندرم تونل کارپال
پوسچر نامناسب همراه با ساعات کار طولانی یا ضربه تکراری کلید با کشیدگی مزمن اعصاب ماهیچه ها و تاندون های دست، آسیب های تجمعی انگشت ماشه ای در ارتباط است
شبکه تاندونهای کنترل شده بوسیله عضلات در ساعد قادر است دستها و انگشتان را به حرکت در آورد. 9 تاندون، همراه با عروق خونی و عصب مدیان، که از میان مچ در یک تونل حفاظتی کم پهنا ی ساخته شده از استخوان و رباطها می گذرند، که کارپال نامیده می شود- یا تونل مچ
عصب مدیان
اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی زمانی که تاندونهایی که از میان تونل کارپال می گذرند ملتهب و متورم شده، به عصب مدیان را تحت فشار قرار می دهند.تونل کارپال فضایی برای تاندونهای متورم ندارد. التهاب مزمن تاندونهای بافت ها می تواند سخت و سفت، ضخیم شده و اثر دائمی بافتی را توسعه دهد و بعلاوه بوسیله حرکت دست تشدید شود.

11. سندرم تونل کارپال

12. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در اندامهای فوقانی
سندرم رینود زمانی است که عروق خونی دست آسیب می بیند (تنگ تر می شود) بواسطه مواجهه طولانی مدت با ارتعاش در طول زمان.
این بیماری به استفاده از ابزار دستی مرتعش نظیر ماشین سلمانی، چکش های بادی مرتبط است.

13. سندرم رینود
علائم
بی حسی و خارش و سوزش درانگشتان در طی مواجهه با ارتعاش، ممکن است بعد از مواجهه پیوسته، ادامه نیابد
رنگ پریدگی (سفید شدگی) یک نوک انگشت به دلیل تنگی موقت جریان خون
سایر انگشتها هم همچنین رنگ پریده می شوند
شدت درد، تعداد دفعات حملات در طی زمان افزایش می یابد
38% are highly conspicuous – potentially embarrassing or dramatically different from normal work routines.
1% cannot be performed in the work area – require more space or different attire than is typically available in the workplace.
1% significantly interrupt work flow – last several minutes or more.
6% are difficult to perform – too complex.
6% have poor instructions – Instructions difficult to understand or follow.
40% replicate physical stressors of work – e.g.. stretch spinal muscles and ligaments overstretched by sitting or wrist exercises which may exacerbate physical demands of keying
38% present safety hazards – e.g.. use mobile office furniture as props or are unsafe for obese or pregnant individuals.
90% have health contra-indications – not appropriate for individuals with acute or chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or lower back pain.

14. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در اندامهای فوقانی
سندرم تونل کوبیتال بواسطه استراحت آرنج روی سطوح سخت نظیر میز فاقد روکش یا استراحت گاه بازوی فاقد روکش ایجاد می گردد.
عصب اولنار، که تغذیه کننده انگشت کوچک و انگشت حلقه است، می تواند در اثر فشار نزدیک آرنج آسیب ببیند.
علائم شامل:
درد در انگشتان حلقه و انگشتر
حس خارش و سوزش در این نواحی
بی حسی در این نواحی

15. سندرم تونل کوبیتال
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

16. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در اندامهای فوقانی
سندرم خروجی قفسه سینه به واسطه دسترسی مکرر به سطح بالاتر از شانه ها، حمل اشیاء سنگین یا پوسچر ضعیف در بردارنده خمش سر به جلو.
دسته عروق عصبی شبکه عصبی بازو خواند می شود، که از بین استخوان گردن و بالای دنده عبور می کند، بواسطه فشار مرتبط با حرکاتی که باعث می شود این دو استخوان در موقعیت نزدیک به هم قرار گیرند، می تواند آسیب ببیند.
علائم شامل:
خواب رفتگی بازوها
نبض ضعیف
بی حسی در انگشتان

17. سندرم خروجی قفسه سینه
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

18. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در اندامهای فوقانی
سندرم کلاهک پیچاننده Rotator cuff syndrome ، اختلالی در بردارنده آماس و تورم و درد تاندونهای دربردارنده گروه عضلات کلاهک پیچنده می باشد: عضلات سوپرا اسپیناتوس، اینفرااسپیناتوس، ساب اسکاپولاریس و ترس مینور.
علائم شامل:
درد هنگام خم کردن بازو و چرخش آن به طرف خارج خلاف مقاومت آن
درد در قسمت بیرونی شانه ها با امکان انتشار آن به سمت داخل بازو
درد در شانه، که در شب بدتر می شود
سفتی در مفصل شانه

19. Rotator Cuff Syndrome سندرم کلاهک پیچاننده
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.
نمای قدامی
نمای خلفی

20. آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs متداول در اندامهای فوقانی
التهاب تاندون Tendinitis یک آسیب تجمعی شایع ناشی از ضربات در ناحیه مچ، آرنج و شانه می باشد. در اثر فشارهای مداوم طنابهای تاندونی، تاندونها تحریک پذیر و خشن و دردناک می شوند.
آرنج تنیس بازان Lateral Epicondylitis - “Tennis elbow”
آرنج گلف بازان Medial Epicondylitis - “Golfer’s elbow”
علائم شامل:
حساسیت به لمس نقطه ای
تورم
آرنج تنیس بازان، درد انتشاری به سمت پشت دست
آرنج گلف بازان، درد انتشاری به سمت پشت دست

21. Tendinitis التهاب تاندون ها
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

22. آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs متداول در اندامهای فوقانی
تنوسینویت Tenosynovitis تورم غلافی است که تاندون را از سائیدگی مداوم در برابر تاندون محافظت می نماید.
علائم:
تورم
درد
از دست دادن حرکت
از دست رفتن توانایی و مقاومت

23. Tenosynovitis تنوسینوویت
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

24. آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs متداول در اندامهای فوقانی
انگشت ماشه ای Trigger Finger یک اختلال تاندون است که زمانی رخ می دهد که یک شیار در تاندون خم کننده انگشت وجود دارد.
در صورتیکه تاندون در غلاف قفل شود، تلاش برای حرکت انگشت ایجاد حرکات سریع و ناگهانی می کند.
معمولا با کاربرد ابزاری که دستگیره با لبه های سخت یا تیز دارند مرتبط می باشد.

25. Trigger Fingerانگشت ماشه ای
Better example of spray gun b/c trigger shape disperses pressure to all fingers, not just one finger

26. آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs متداول در اندامهای فوقانی
کیست گانگلیون یک برآمدگی زیر پوستی است که به واسطه تجمع مایعات در داخل پوشش تاندون ایجاد می شود. معمولا در دست و مچ دست بروز می نماید.

27. کیست گانگلیون
38% are highly conspicuous – potentially embarrassing or dramatically different from normal work routines.
1% cannot be performed in the work area – require more space or different attire than is typically available in the workplace.
1% significantly interrupt work flow – last several minutes or more.
6% are difficult to perform – too complex.
6% have poor instructions – Instructions difficult to understand or follow.
40% replicate physical stressors of work – e.g.. stretch spinal muscles and ligaments overstretched by sitting or wrist exercises which may exacerbate physical demands of keying
38% present safety hazards – e.g.. use mobile office furniture as props or are unsafe for obese or pregnant individuals.
90% have health contra-indications – not appropriate for individuals with acute or chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or lower back pain.

28. آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs متداول در اندامهای فوقانی
بیماری دکوئروین De Quervain’s Disease التهاب غلاف تاندون انگشت شست نسبت داده می شود به اصطکاک بیش از احد بین دو تاندون انگشت شست و غلاف مشترک آنها.
این بیماری ترکیبی از التهاب تاندون و تنوسینوویت است.
ممکن است به واسطه چرخاندن و چنگش قوی ایجاد گردد.
علائم شامل:
تورم
درد در قاعده انگشت شست

29. De Quervain’s Disease بیماری د کوئروین
38% are highly conspicuous – potentially embarrassing or dramatically different from normal work routines.
1% cannot be performed in the work area – require more space or different attire than is typically available in the workplace.
1% significantly interrupt work flow – last several minutes or more.
6% are difficult to perform – too complex.
6% have poor instructions – Instructions difficult to understand or follow.
40% replicate physical stressors of work – e.g.. stretch spinal muscles and ligaments overstretched by sitting or wrist exercises which may exacerbate physical demands of keying
38% present safety hazards – e.g.. use mobile office furniture as props or are unsafe for obese or pregnant individuals.
90% have health contra-indications – not appropriate for individuals with acute or chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or lower back pain.

30. بیماری دکوئروین De Quervain’s Disease
38% are highly conspicuous – potentially embarrassing or dramatically different from normal work routines.
1% cannot be performed in the work area – require more space or different attire than is typically available in the workplace.
1% significantly interrupt work flow – last several minutes or more.
6% are difficult to perform – too complex.
6% have poor instructions – Instructions difficult to understand or follow.
40% replicate physical stressors of work – e.g.. stretch spinal muscles and ligaments overstretched by sitting or wrist exercises which may exacerbate physical demands of keying
38% present safety hazards – e.g.. use mobile office furniture as props or are unsafe for obese or pregnant individuals.
90% have health contra-indications – not appropriate for individuals with acute or chronic musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis or lower back pain.

31. نتایج اولیه مطالعه آینده نگر بر روی 632 کاربر کامپیوتر
نتایج اولیه مطالعه آینده نگر بر روی 632 کاربر کامپیوتر
سندرمها و اختلالات اسکلتی عضلانی دست/بازو و گردن/شانه در بین کاربران کامپیوتر شایع است
بیش از 50 درصد کاربران سندرم اسکلتی – عضلانی را در طی یک سال بعد از شروع شغل جدید گزارش کرده اند
شایعترین اختلال دست/ بازو التهاب تاندون دکوئورین بوده است
اختلال گردن/ شانه سندرم شایعترین درد جسمی بوده است
MSS = Musculoskeletal symptom
MSD = Musculoskeletal disorder

32. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در کمر
کشیدگی و رگ به رگ شدگی آسیب به تاندون ها و لیگامنت ها هستند که به واسطه فشار یکباره ایجاد می شود نظیر بلند کردن یا حمل اشیاء سنگین.
اینها می تواند منجر به کمر درد قابل توجهی شود، اما درد در حدود چند روز فروکش می نماید.

33. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در کمر
درد مفصل Facet، Facet joint pain از تحریک ناحیه ای که دنده ها به ستون فقرات می چسبند ناشی می شود.
به طور معمول، تورم ماهیچه ها در ناحیه تحت تاثیر وجود دارد و می تواند بسیار در هنگام نشستن و راست ایستادن دردناک گردد. در بسیاری از موارد ممکن است همچنین تنفس عمیق نیز مشکل گردد.

34. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در کمر
سائیدگی دیسک در اثر فشار طولانی مدت در دیسک های ستون فقرات واقع می گردد، که باعث می شود دیسکها به صورت دائمی بهم فشرده می شوند.
فضای بین مهره ها کوچکتر شده که می تواند منجر به گیر افتادگی ریشه های عصبی خارج شده از ستون فقرات گردد.
نشتن فشار بیشتری را روی دیسکهای ستون فقرات نسبت به وضعیت ایستاده وارد می نماید و نشستن بدون حمایت کننده کمر می تواند منجر به سطوح بالای فشار روی دیسک گردد.

35. سائیدگی دیسک
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

36. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در کمر
گیرافتادگی عصب سیاتیک، همچنین سیاتیک نیز خوانده می شود، در افرادیکه برای مدت زمان طولانی می نشینند شایع است.
عصب سیاتیک از بخش پایین کمرتان پشت ران و داخل پاهایتان عبور می نماید.
تورم در ماهیچه هایی معینی در کفل (نشیمنگاه) م یتواند فشار روی عصب سیاتیک ایجاد نموده باعث درد در پایین ران گردد.

37. برخی از آسيبهاي تجمعي ناشي از ضربات CTDs در کمر
فتق دیسک رخ می دهد زمانیکه بخش داخلی از دیسک بیرون زده و فشار اضافی را روی ریشه عصبی عبوری از ستون فقرات وارد می نماید.
درد یا بی حسی در پاها علامت معمول فتق دیسک ها در کمر است.

38. فتق/بیرون زدگی دیسک
Neck – one-third of exercises further stretch muscles and ligaments which are already overstretched due to sitting in a flexed spinal posture for long periods. Over one-third place additional loads on cervical disks.
Shoulder – Almost half are highly conspicuous, and over a third take several minutes to perform. Nearly half stretch chronically stretched structures. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritic conditions of the shoulder.
Elbow/Lower Arm – Most would likely be problematic for individuals with hand/wrist disorders due to extreme posture angles of the exercises. Most are contra-indicated for individuals with arthritis of the hand & wrist.
Lower Back/Hip – Nearly two-thirds take several minutes to perform, and nearly two-thirds are highly conspicuous. Over a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. All are contra-indicated for individuals with low back pain, with degenerative disk disease, or for women in their second or third trimester of pregnancy. Over one-third present safety hazards due to reliance on the chair for support. Several are difficult for women to perform in normal business attire.
Knee/Lower Leg - More than half are highly conspicuous and more than a third are moderately or very difficult to perform. Two-thirds are contra-indicated for for individuals with arthritic conditions of the hips or knees. Nearly half would be difficult or impossible for women in typical office attire.

39. QUESTIONS?