1. Nationalism Around the World
Mr. Barchetto
Notes #4

2. Colonial Possessions During WWI
India- 29.1
Indians helped the British Empire fight the Central powers during WWI. They hoped their service would earn them their independence. Instead Britain responded in with harsh new laws limiting freedom of press and other rights in India.
Africa
During WWI more than 1 million Africans fought on behalf of their colonials rulers, hoping their service would lead to more rights and opportunities.
Middle East- 29.2
Arabs believed their contribution to the Allies against the Ottoman Empire in WWI would give them independence after the war. Instead the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France and Britain mandates to many Arab nations.
China- 29.4
Sun Yat-sen’s government sided with Allies against Germany. They hoped that the Allies, in gratitude would return control of China to the Chinese.
What commonality do we see after WWI between these three areas?

3. Growth of Nationalism
Most nationalist movements were creations of Indians, Africans, Arabs and Chinese educated by Western institutions.
Why do you think colonial powers educated men from these societies based on Western education? What do you think they hoped to gain?
Colonial powers hoped to create leaders in these nations which would be models of the West. These new leaders would run their nation based on Western values and traditions.

4. The flame of nationalism is lit and explodes across India
Who: Indian nationalists & celebrators dressed for a Hindu Festival (approx. 10,000)
Nationalism in India-29.1
What: General Dyer and 90 Indian soldiers opened fire on the crowd killing 400 and wounding General Dyer after ten minutes of shooting orders his men to leave.
When: April 13, 1919
Where: Amritsar capital city of Punjab; in a walled park called Jillianbagh
Why: Indians were meeting in defiance to the new law stating no public gatherings. General Dyer wanted to send a message to India
April 13, 1919: Amritsar Massacre
The flame of nationalism is lit and explodes across India
"The Indians were 'packed together so that one bullet would drive through three or four bodies'; the people 'ran madly this way and the other. When fire was directed upon the centre, they ran to the sides. The fire was then directed to the sides. Many threw themselves down on the ground, and the fire was then directed on the ground. This was continued for eight or ten minutes, and it stopped only when the ammunition had reached the point of exhaustion".....Winston Churchill

5. Message Received 1858- Indian National Congress was born
Goal: Initially their goal was winning equal opportunity for Indians in social services.
By the early 1900’s Indians' were calling for an end to cooperation with Britain
The Amritsar Massacre only unified Indians' more toward this cause
“Cooperation in any shape or form with this satanic government is sinful”-Gandhi

6. The Push for Indian Independence
Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru led India’s independence movement.
Even before World War I, Mohandas Gandhi was active in the Indian independence movement. The Indian people called him Mahatma, or India’s “Great Soul.”
Gandhi organized mass protests against British law using methods of civil disobedience.
Gandhi & Nehru

7. Indian Independence
Gandhi began a nonviolent campaign against British laws by encouraging Indians to:
Not pay their taxes
Not send their children to English-supported schools
Make their own cloth
Harvest their own salt
Boycott British-made goods

8. Independence becomes Fractioned by mid-1920’s
The Indian independence movement became divided and split into two paths:
One group identified with Gandhi’s religion, and tradition and Nehru’s secular, Western, and modern approach.
Another division began to separate India when Muslims became dissatisfied with the Hindu-dominated INC and created the Muslim League.

9. Nationalism in the Middle East- 29.2
Who: People of Middle East who were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
What: After treaty of Versailles Middle East lands of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Syria & Lebanon became mandates of Britain and France.
When: Conclusion of WWI
Where: Middle East
Why: They believed that fighting against the Ottoman Empire on behalf of the Allies would help earn them their independence
The Fall of the Ottoman Empire After 500 years of Rule

10. Betrayal at the Peace Conference
Arabs believed their contribution to the Allies in WWI would give them independence after the war
Instead the Allies carved up the Ottoman lands, giving France and Britain mandates to many Arab nations
Arabs felt betrayed by the West, leading to protests and revolts against Western Imperialism

11. Pan-Arabism Grows
Nationalist movement built on the shared heritage of Arabs, living in lands from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa (Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco)
Sought to free Arabs from foreign domination and unite them in their own state
Worn out by WWI Britain & France did not have the power or will to stop Arab Nationalism
British lost Iraq (1922) & Transjordan (1923)
France lost both Syria and Lebanon (1936)
Only Palestine was left & it will become the center of turmoil in the Middle East

12. British Palestine-Mandate

13. Promises in Palestine McMahon-Hussein Agreement of October 1915
accepted by Palestinians as a promise by the British that after WWI, land previously held by the Turks would be returned to the Arab nationals who lived in that land.
“Land that cannot be said to be purely Arab was excluded from the agreement”
Balfour Declaration of November 1917
led the Jewish community in Britain and America into believing that Great Britain would support the creation of a Jewish state in the Middle East.
“it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine”

14. A Bitter Struggle Begins
thousands of Jews migrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism in Europe
By the 1930’s Great Britain was getting ready for war.
Oil importance—Relationship with Middle East Crucial
Stop Jewish migration to Israel to make Arabs happy.
WWII sympathy towards Jews due to Holocaust lead to establishment of the nation of Israel.
This will set off turmoil throughout the Middle East
Even today, the two groups fight for control over the land that the Jews call Israel and the Arabs call Palestine

15. Revolutionary Chaos in China 29.3
Who: Sun (soon) Yat-sen
What: Early 1900’s Chinese realized the only way to rid China of foreign rule was modernization and nationalism
When: 1911
Where: China
Why: Sun wanted to rule China based on 3 principles
1. Nationalism
2. People’s Rights
3. People’s livelihood
1911- Sun Yat-sen’s New Republic of China is established

16. Sun’s New Republic is Weak
End of 2000 years of imperial rule left China weak and disunited
Roads and bridges were in disrepair
Crops were destroyed
Famine killed millions
WWI Begins
Sun sides with Allies against Germany hoping that will earn them their independence.
Treaty of Versailles reveals Allies refusal to give up territories and commercial interests in China.
Even worse Japan was allowed to keep Chinese territory they had seized during the war.

17. Both groups clashed and severely distrusted each groups motives
Nationalists
Communists
Adopted many ideals of the West
Supported Modernization and Westernization
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was organized in Shanghai by a group of young radicals and several faculty members from Beijing University in 1921.
They grew increasingly tired of western influence
Both groups clashed and severely distrusted each groups motives
The CCP and the Nationalist Party, led by Sun Yat-sen, put aside their mutual distrust and worked together to expel imperialists from China.

18. Nationalists/Communists Civil War
Cooperating to drive the imperialists from China, the Nationalists and Communists then fought one another fiercely for the right to rule China.
1925 Sun Yat-sen died and leadership of Nationalist party is passed down to his brother-in-law
General Chiang Kai-shek succeeded Sun Yat-sen. Chiang distrusted communists
Chiang turned against the Communists and killed thousands of them in what became known as the Shanghai Massacre.

19. Nationalists and Communists
In 1928 Chiang formed a new Chinese republic at Nanjing and spent the next three years trying to unify China.
Mao Zedong believed that a Chinese Revolution could be successful with the support of the peasants in the rural areas. Mao used guerrilla tactics to combat the Nationalists.

20. Nationalists and Communists
1933 Chiang Kai-Shek launcehed an army of a million men to destroy Mao’s army.
They outnumbered Mao 10 to 1.
Mao’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) began the Long March (1933) to the only Communist base in northwest China. Only about 10,000 of the 100,000

21. Japan invades Manchuria
Chiang Kai-Shek
Receives money and weapons from United States but stock piles it
He believes the Communists are more of a threat than Japan This thought process will prove costly
Mao Tse-tung
Mao and his Red Army fight with everything they have.
Chinese peasants look at Communists as heroes who were defending China from foreigners .
Loyalty won from peasants will become a powerful weapon against Nationalists in the future