1. 140mic General Microbiology
Madeha Al-Onazi

2. LAB 8
(Microorganisms)

3. - Grouping of organisms into kingdoms is based on 3 factors : 1- Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic) 2- Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) 3- Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

4. 1st : Cell Type Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Fungi, Animal
Bacteria, Cyanobacteria
Do have :
-Nucleus organized with a membrane other organelles
Do not have :
- An organized nucleus
- Structured organelles
- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall.

5. 2nd : Cell Number Unicellular Cell Number Multicellular
Single celled organism.
- Protozoans
- bacteria
- some algae
Multicellular
Many celled organism. cells start to specialize/differentiate

6. 3rd : Feeding Type How the organisms get their food ?
Heterotroph or Consumer
Autotroph or Producer
- Must eat other organisms to survive.
-Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!
Make their own food
Animal, Human
Plant, Cyanobacteria

10. 1st : Monera Kingdome (Bacteria)
Bacteria Nutrition
Autotrophic
Mutualism
Pathogenic
Parasitic
Opportunistic
Heterotrophic
Commensalism
Saprophytic

11. Bacteria
- Bacterial Morphology - Aggregation System: Mono – Diplo – Strepto – Staphylo

12. 1. Cocci

13. For Example : Staphylococcus aureus Shape : cocci
Arrangement : cluster (staph)
Reaction with gram stain :
Positive (purple).
Disease : skin infection.

14. 2-Bacilli

15. For Example : Yersinia pestis Shape : rod (coccobacilli)
Arrangement : bipolar
Reaction with gram stain :
Negative (red).
Disease : Plaque

16. For Example : Escherichia coli Shape : rod (coccobacilli)
Arrangement : single
Reaction with gram stain :
Negative (red).
Disease : coliform bacteria

17. For Example : Bacillus anthracis Shape : bacilli
Arrangement : chain (strep)
Reaction with gram stain :
Positive (purple).
Disease : anthrax

18. 3. Spirillum

19. For Example : Vibrio cholera Shape : spirillum (comma shape)
Arrangement : single
Reaction with gram stain :
Negative (red).
Disease : cholera

20. For Example : Treponema pallidum Shape : spirochete
Arrangement : single
Reaction with gram stain :
Negative (red).
Disease : syphilis

21. 4. Filamentous (Actinomycetes)
Branch bacilli
Nocardia sp.
Arrangement : single
Reaction with gram stain :
Positive (purple).

22. Motility of Bacteria
Non-motile such as the most of cocci. • Motile, with two way : 1. Flagella → E. coli 2. Gliding → Myxobacteria

23. Types of Flagellum

24. 2nd : Fungi Kingdome
• All fungi are eukaryotic • They may be: - Unicellular → yeast - Multicellular → mushroom • All fungi have a cell wall

25. classified by how they reproduce
Zygomycete
Rhizopus sp.
classified by how they reproduce
Pnecillium nutatum Aspergillus niger Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Ascomycete
Basidiomycete
Agaricus sp.
Deuteromycete
Fusarium sp.

26. Rhizopus sp.

27. Aspergillus sp

28. Pnecillium sp

29. Saccharomyces sp

30. Agaricus sp

31. 3rd : Protista Kingdome (Algae)
• Thallus. • Contains Chlorophyll and other pigments. • Autotrophs

32. Where can Algae live ?
• Soil → Nostoc sp. • Sea water → Diatoms • Fresh water → Volvox sp

33. Structure Filamentous Algae Algal colonies Volvox sp.
Unicellular algae
Chlamydomonas sp.
Structure
Spirogyra sp.
Filamentous Algae
Algal colonies
Volvox sp.

34. Chlamydomonas sp.

35. Algae Classification
1- Cyanophyta 2- Cholorophyta 3- Phaeophyta 4- Rhodophyta 5- Chrysophyta 6- Euglenophyta 7- Diatoms

36. 1. Cyanophyta ( Nostoc sp.)

37. 2. Chlorophyta ( Spirogyra sp.)

38. Chlorophyta ( Volvox sp.)

39. 3-Phaeophyta ( Fucus sp.)

40. Euglenophyta ( Euglena sp.)

41. 4th : Lichens
A composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship.

42. Types of Lichens
e.g. Caloplaca sp.