1. Shappell, 1997 Crew Rest and Duty Restrictions for Commercial Space Flight: Recommendations Based Upon the Scientific Literature Scott Shappell, PhD Michael Sawyer, MS Jessica Patterson, MS Work sponsored by: FAA Volpe Center Aerospace Corporation

2. Code of Federal Regulations (sub part 431.43) Reusable launch vehicle mission operational requirements and restrictions CURRENT DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION No personnel will be scheduled for more than a 12-hour shift during the mission or preceding a reentry mission. A minimum of an 8 hour rest period is required after 12-hours of work. During the 7 day period prior to the start of the mission, a maximum of 60 hours can be worked. No person will work more than 14 consecutive days and after 5 consecutive days of 12 hour shifts, a 48-hour rest period must be given.

3. Increased reaction time Timing errors in response sequences Less smooth control Reduced attention Preoccupation with single tasks Reduced audiovisual scan Diminished memory Forget peripheral tasks Revert to old habit patterns Withdrawn mood Less likely to converse Less likely to perform low-demand tasks Increased risk taking Increased reaction time Timing errors in response sequences Less smooth control Reduced attention Preoccupation with single tasks Reduced audiovisual scan Diminished memory Forget peripheral tasks Revert to old habit patterns Withdrawn mood Less likely to converse Less likely to perform low-demand tasks Increased risk taking Performance Effects of Fatigue

4. Subjective vs. Physiological Fatigue The worst person to ask if he is fatigued or sleepy is the person that you are worried about!

5. Circadian Trough WORST OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE ALERT SLEEPY SLEEPINESS NADIR PEAK Time of Day (24 hour) Circadian Rhythms

6. Sleep Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature a) Cave studies Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature a) Cave studies

7. Circadian Trough WORST OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE ALERT SLEEPY SLEEPINESS NADIR PEAK Time of Day (24 hour) Circadian Rhythms

8. Stages of Sleep

9. Circadian Trough WORST OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE ALERT SLEEPY SLEEPINESS NADIR PEAK Time of Day (24 hour) Circadian Rhythms

10. Sleep Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature a) Cave studies It is the timing of sleep, not necessarily the amount of sleep, that is important. Our sleep/wake cycle is closely tied to our circadian body temperature a) Cave studies It is the timing of sleep, not necessarily the amount of sleep, that is important.

11. How Much Sleep Do You Really Need? Sleep requirements vary among individuals. A minimum of 5 hours of uninterrupted core sleep during the circadian trough is necessary to maintain 80% performance in the lab. In space, where environmental factors, and physical and mental workload can exceed normal limits, the minimum amount of sleep needed to sustain performance is more. Source: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

12. What We Know About Sleep While all sleep is beneficial, SWS is more recuperative. The best time to sleep is during the circadian trough (between 2200-0800). Interruptions of nighttime core sleep reduce sleep quality and effectiveness. Individuals need roughly 8 hours of sleep to be properly refreshed. Sleep loss is cumulative and may take multiple nights of sleep to fully recover.

13. United States European Union (EASA, JAA) United KingdomCanadaAustralia Maximum flight hours in 24 consecutive hours 10131088 Maximum flight hours in 7 consecutive days 30N/A 6030 Maximum flight hours in 30 consecutive days 100N/A 120100 Maximum flight hours in 28 consecutive days N/A100 N/A Maximum flight hours in 365 consecutive days 1000900 1200900 Minimum consecutive rest hours during 7 consecutive days 2436N/A36 9 hrs. btw 10pm and 6am on 2 consecutive nights Commercial Aviation Crew Rest Requirements

14. Unique Crew Rest Considerations Lodging Considerations in Space Long Duration Flight Limited Trained Relief Pilots Restrictive Work Environment Workload Stress Others …

15. Code of Federal Regulations (sub part 431.43) Reusable launch vehicle mission operational requirements and restrictions CURRENT DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION No personnel will be scheduled for more than a 12-hour shift during the mission or preceding a reentry mission. A minimum of an 8 hour rest period is required after 12-hours of work. During the 7 day period prior to the start of the mission, a maximum of 60 hours can be worked. No person will work more than 14 consecutive days and after 5 consecutive days of 12 hour shifts, a 48-hour rest period must be given.

16. CURRENT DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION A maximum 12-hour work shift with at least 8 hours of rest after 12 hours of work, preceding initiation of an RLV reentry mission or during the conduct of a mission. Recommended Modifications/Additions 8 hours of uninterrupted sleep (not rest as currently defined). - Sleep should not be pharmacologically induced. Sleep should occur during the circadian trough. Attention should be paid to the quality of sleep - Domicile vs. temporary lodging (e.g., hotels) Define off-duty to include sleep plus personal time (hygiene, meals, etc.) and transit time to and from workplace. - Transit time will depend on location of sleep, time of day (rush hour), etc.

17. CURRENT DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION A maximum of 60 hours worked in the 7 days, preceding initiation of an RLV mission. The regulation should address flight time and duty time for flightcrew and duty time for ground personnel. Given the unknown stress of space flight, all regulations should reflect a conservative approach. Flightcrew - 30 hrs flight time - 60 hrs of duty * Short-haul vs. Long-haul flights Ground personnel - 60 hrs of duty * Overtime issues (Air Traffic Model)

18. CURRENT DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION A maximum of 14 consecutive work days. Flightcrew The nature of space flight may require 14 consecutive work days; however, consideration should be given to the type of work scheduled with more stressful tasks spaced apart. 14 consecutive work days also assumes that flightcrew are fully adapted to space flight, circadian dysrhythmia, and a full 8 hours of sleep during circadian trough. Groundcrew While this area has yet to be fully reviewed, 14 consecutive days seems excessive given the lack of constraints on personnel augmentation.

19. CURRENT DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION A minimum 48-hour rest period after 5 consecutive days of 12-hour shifts. Flightcrew & Groundcrew This seems like a reasonable recommendation since actual flight time is capped at 30 hours. Although we are still researching this particular topic area, a 48-hour recovery should be sufficient to restore most performance deficits incurred by 5 consecutive days of 12-hour shifts.

20. RECOMMENDED DUTY TIME & REST REGULATION Suborbital FlightsOrbital Flights Flight crew Ground crew Flight crew Ground crew Sleep (hrs) in 24 hours888 8 Crew rest (hrs) before and after shift12 Max. flight time (hrs) in 24 hours (non-augmented)8N/A8 Max. flight time (hrs) in 24 hours (augmented)N/A 12 N/A Max. duty time (hrs) in 24 hours (non-augmented)111211 12 Max. duty time (hrs) in 24 hours (augmented)N/A 14 N/A Max. flight time (hrs) in 7 days30N/A30 N/A Max. duty time (hrs) in 7 days60

21. QUESTIONS

22. Countermeasures to Fatigue and Insomnia Break glass in case of emergency Countermeasures to Fatigue and Insomnia Break glass in case of emergency FATIGUEINSOMNIA Non-PharmacologicalNon-pharmacological Napping Diet Light Exposure Exercise Pharmacological Routine Sleep Times CaffeinePharmacological Other Stimulants Melatonin Alcohol Sedatives