1. Aquifers, Lakes and Rivers
Water Resources
Aquifers, Lakes and Rivers

2. Aquifers Over Abstraction- Unsustainable Uses Ogallala Aquifer, USA
Lies across 8 states in the USA
Used to irrigate ¼ of US farmland
Abstraction rate – 22kmᶟ/year
Recharge rate- 7kmᶟ/year
Depletion rate – 15kmᶟ/year
At this rate the aquifer would completely dry up in 240 years but the drawdown effects would be felt well before then

3. Aquifers Consequences Subsidence Water Depletion Vegetation change
Salt water incursion
Drying out of wetlands
Vegetation change

4. Aquifers Locally- Nationally- Methods to increase sustainability
Reduce consumption
Increasing grey water use
Water efficient appliances
Aquifers
Nationally-
Aquifer recharge
Internationally-
Ogallala Aquifer Initiative (OAI)
(Inter-state)

5. Lakes Over Abstraction Overfishing Unsustainable Uses
Lake Naivasha, Kenya:
Over Abstraction
Lakes
Pollution from agrochemical and fuel leaks/ spills
Overfishing

6. Lakes Consequences Desertification Water Depletion Eutrophication
Loss of biodiversity
Lakes
Agrochemicals trapped in soil
Eutrophication
Desertification

7. Lakes Locally- Nationally- Methods to increase sustainability
Reduce consumption
Conservation areas e.g LNRs
Nationally-
Lakes
Reducing Pollution through legislation
Conservation areas e.g NNRs
Internationally-
Reducing Pollution through legislation
Conservation areas e.g Ramsar sites or WWF exclusion zones e.g floodplains

8. Israel, Palestine, Jordan water conflict:
Unsustainable Uses
Over Abstraction
Pollution from agrochemical and industrial waste
Careless use of a river upstream
Rivers
Israel, Palestine, Jordan water conflict:
Origin: Sea of Galilee
Freshwater lake
Fed by underground springs from the River Jordan
In 1964 Syria tried to block water supply to the lake, in 1965 Israel's retaliation led to the six-day war
400,000,000 cubic metres of water is pumped in the National Water Carrier each year.
40 million cubic metres annually are allocated to Palestine by Israel, contributing to 77% of Palestinians' water supply in the West Bank, which is to be shared for a population of about 2.6 million.
Under the terms of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty, Israel also supplies 50,000,000 cubic metres of water annually from the lake to Jordan

9. Rivers Consequences Flooding Habitat Loss Water Depletion
Fluctuation in flow rate
Habitat Loss

10. Rivers Locally- Nationally- Methods to increase sustainability
Reducing consumption
Reducing pollution
Nationally-
Rivers
Inter-basin transfers
Catchment management e.g SCaMP in the River Ribble
Internationally-
International agreements e.g Johnson Plan across Israel, Palestine and other surrounding countries