1. Hand Washing and Isolation Precautions

2. Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs) in the USA Today
HAIs affect 5-10% of patients in US acute care hospitals.
HAIs affect nearly 2 million patients per year.
HAIs cost an estimated $5-10 Billion per year.
More than 70% of bacteria that cause HAIs are resistant to at least one of the drugs most commonly used to treat the infections.

3. HAIs – The Human Cost 99,000 people will DIE this year from a HAI.
It’s equivalent to a 747 plane crash killing all passengers and crew every other day.
It’s one death every 6 minutes.
IT IS PREVENTABLE!

4. Desired Goals Reduce hospital acquired infections
Thereby reducing avoidable morbidity, mortality and cost.
Key Factors:
Hand hygiene
Environmental decontamination
Identification and isolation of colonized patients
Education

5. Contaminated Surfaces tested positive for VRE (+) in patient environment.
Hayden M. ICAAC,2001, Chicago, IL

6. Hand Hygiene
Hand hygiene is the single most important means of preventing the spread of infection.
It is to be performed before and after every patient encounter, and after the removal of gloves.

7. Wash Hands

9. Access the CDC Hand Washing Course go to: http://www. cdc

10. Personal Stethoscopes
Personal stethoscopes should be cleaned before and after each use. An EPA registered hospital disinfectant (disinfecting surface wipes) or alcohol wipes may be used

11. Personal Protective Equipment
Gowns, gloves, masks, goggles, face shields, PAPRs
Available on the nursing units
Gloves should be in every patient room
Types of PPE required for each isolation category are identified on a sign posted on the door to the patient room.

12. Key Points About PPE
Don before contact with the patient, generally before entering the room
Use carefully – don’t spread contamination
Remove and discard carefully, either at the doorway or immediately outside patient room; remove respirator outside room
Immediately perform hand hygiene

13. Sequence* for Donning PPE
Gown first
Mask or respirator
Goggles or face shield
Gloves
* Combination of PPE will affect sequence – be practical

14. How to Don a Gown Select appropriate type and size
Opening is in the back
Secure at neck and waist
If gown is too small, use two gowns
Gown #1 ties in front
Gown #2 ties in back

15. How to Don a Mask Place over nose, mouth and chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
Secure on head with ties or elastic
Adjust to fit

16. How to Don a Particulate Respirator
Select a fit tested respirator
Place over nose, mouth and chin
Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge
Secure on head with elastic
Adjust to fit
Perform a fit check –
Inhale – respirator should collapse
Exhale – check for leakage around face

17. How to Don Eye and Face Protection
Position goggles over eyes and secure to the head using the ear pieces or headband
Position face shield over face and secure on brow with headband
Adjust to fit comfortably

18. How to Don Gloves Don gloves last Select correct type and size
Insert hands into gloves
Extend gloves over isolation gown cuffs

19. “Contaminated” and “Clean” Areas of PPE
Contaminated – outside front
Areas of PPE that have or are likely to have been in contact with body sites, materials, or environmental surfaces where the infectious organism may reside
Clean – inside, outside back, ties on head and back
Areas of PPE that are not likely to have been in contact with the infectious organism

20. Sequence for Removing PPE
Gloves
Face shield or goggles
Gown
Mask or respirator

21. Where to Remove PPE
At doorway, before leaving patient room or in anteroom
Remove respirator outside room, after door has been closed

22. How to Remove Gloves Grasp outside edge near wrist
Peel away from hand, turning glove inside-out
Hold in opposite gloved hand

23. How to Remove Gloves
Slide ungloved finger under the wrist of the remaining glove
Peel off from inside, creating a bag for both gloves
Discard

24. Remove Goggles or Face Shield
Grasp ear or head pieces with ungloved hands
Lift away from face
Place in designated receptacle for reprocessing or disposal

25. Removing Isolation Gown
Unfasten ties
Peel gown away from neck and shoulder
Turn contaminated outside toward the inside
Fold or roll into a bundle
Discard

26. Removing a Mask Untie the bottom, then the top Remove from face
Discard

27. Removing a Particulate Respirator
Lift the bottom elastic over your head first
Then lift off the top elastic
Discard

28. Hand Hygiene Perform hand hygiene immediately after removing PPE.
If hands become visibly contaminated during PPE removal, wash hands before continuing to remove PPE
Wash hands with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand rub

29. Protect Yourself and Your Patient
PPE is available to protect you from exposure to infectious agents in the healthcare workplace
Know what type of PPE is necessary for the duties you perform and use it correctly

30. Donning and Removal of PPE Video Review
Click on the link below.

31. CDC Guideline for Isolation Precautions
There are 4 isolation categories - The name of each reflects how the infectious organism/disease is transmitted.
The next few slides will detail the requirements of each category and show examples of the signs posted on patient doors to communicate these requirements to all who enter.

32. 4 CDC Categories
Standard
Contact
Airborne
Droplet

33. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
Assume that every person is potentially infected or colonized with an organism that could be transmitted in the healthcare setting.
Wear PPE according to the level of anticipated contamination, when handling patient-care equipment and instruments/devices that are visibly soiled or may have been in contact with blood or body fluids.

34. Protects from diseases spread by contact.
CONTACT ISOLATION
Protects from diseases spread by contact.
Including:
Clostridium difficile (C-Diff)
Scabies, lice, impetigo
Patients with multiple drug resistant organisms (MDRO) like MRSA, VRE, and MDRO gram negative organisms (i.e.Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter).
Private room required
Gown required
Gloves required

36. Patient: Patient wears clean gown. Cover any open wounds.
Contact Isolation:
Patient transport:
Patient: Patient wears clean gown.
Cover any open wounds.
Cover patient with clean sheet prior to transport.
HCW: Wear Personal protective equipment (PPE) when touching patient.
(Healthcare Remove and dispose of PPE and perform hand hygiene prior to
Worker) transporting patient.
Don clean PPE to handle patient at transport destination.
Visitors: Visitors who are not providing direct care to patients in contact precautions will not need to wear gown and gloves. This does not apply to students, residents or other healthcare providers.
Equipment: Clean glucometers, thermometers or any other equipment
used for or on a patient. Dedicate stethoscope, B/P cuff to each patient.

37. For patients with spore-forming organisms, such as Clostridium difficile (C. diff), you must wash hands with soap and water. Alcohol-based hand cleaners are less effective.

38. Memorial Medical Center ONLY

39. AIRBORNE PRECAUTIONS Primarily used for suspected or diagnosed TB.
Protects from disease spread by air/respiratory tract.
Primarily used for suspected or diagnosed TB.
A special ventilation room (negative airflow) is required. Door is kept closed.
A Powered Air-purifying Respirator (PAPR) is required to enter the room.
Some areas (surgery, MRI) wear a N-95 mask. An annual fit-test is required for N-95 users.

41. Airborne Isolation: Patient transport:
Patient: Patient wears surgical mask when out of room.
Follow respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette.
If skin lesions are present—cover lesions with clean sheet
HCW: Wear PAPR when entering room and handling patient
(Healthcare May remove PAPR once out of the room and patient is wearing worker) mask
Hand hygiene prior to transport
HCW does not need to wear PAPR during transport
Equipment: Clean stretchers/wheelchairs after use
Clean glucometers, thermometers, or any other equipment used for patient

42. AIRBORNE/CONTACT PRECAUTIONS
Used for other occasions when a special ventilation room (negative airflow) is needed, i.e. varicella (chickenpox), measles, shingles (varicella) in an immunocompromised patient, or disseminated shingles.
These conditions are also spread by contact so Contact precautions are required also.
A PAPR, gown and gloves are required to enter the room.

43. A surgical type mask is required to enter the room.
DROPLET PRECAUTIONS
Protects against diseases spread by respiratory droplets.
Including suspected or known:
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcemia),
Meningitis of unknown origin (bacterial vs. viral)
Influenza
Pertussis (whooping cough).
A surgical type mask is required to enter the room.

45. Patient: Patient wears surgical mask when out of room.
Droplet Isolation:
Patient Transport:
Patient: Patient wears surgical mask when out of room.
Follow respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
HCW: Wear mask when entering room
(Healthcare May remove mask once patient is wearing a mask
Worker) HCW does not need to wear mask during transport
Equipment: Clean stretchers/wheelchairs after use
Clean glucometers, thermometers or any other
equipment used for patient

46. SUMMARY
Standard: Wear PPE according to the level of anticipated contamination, when handling pt-care equipment and instruments/devices that are visibly soiled or may have been in contact with blood or body fluids.
Contact: A gown and gloves are required to enter the room.
Airborne: A PAPR is required when entering the room.
Droplet: A surgical type mask is required to enter the room.
Airborne/Contact: A PAPR, gown and gloves are required to enter the room.

47. Equipment Decontamination
If extra equipment is taken into an isolation room and used such as a reflex hammer, tuning fork, ophthalmoscope etc., be sure to decontaminate the equipment afterward with the PDI Surface Wipes located in a canister on the infection control cart or plastic wall hanger outside the patient room. Wash your hands after decontaminating the items.

48. Note Taking in an Isolation Room
For droplet or airborne isolation do not take notes in the room.
For contact isolation, if you must, follow these steps.
don all appropriate PPE
take paper and a pen into the room
take and record the history information without touching any equipment or the patient.
place the paper and pen in the anteroom or outside the door. Take care to cover the information with a blank paper or turn the forms upside down so the information is not visible to those in the hall.
perform the physical exam, remove the PPE, wash hands and record this information after leaving the room..