1. FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING BBAF 308
ACCOUNTING FOR SHARES
LECTURER:
MR. LEXIS TETTEH

2. LECTURE ONE: SHARES AND DEBENTURES
What is a share?
It is a unit of ownership that represents an equal proportion of a company’s capital.
Share certificate provides evidence of ownership in a company.
It is an ownership right acquired in a company which may be transferable.
Share is issued by a company at par value or no par value

3. SHARES AND DEBENTURES
Par value share is a share that has a face value, that is, its issue price is written on it.
No par value share has no face value. That is the issue price is not stated on it.
In Ghana, shares are issued at no par value.
This means that future disposal of shares cannot be done at discount or premium.

4. SHARES AND DEBENTURES No Par Value:
Shares offered to the public do not have any fixed value.
The prices of the shares are determined during the time of sale to the public.
These types of shares are called “Shares of No Par Value” or simply No Par Value Shares.
With no par value shares, there are no accounts for share premium or discounts on shares.

5. SHARES AND DEBENTURES Classification of Shares:
The law allows for the creation of different classes of shares with certain rights regarding dividend, voting, repayment or otherwise.
Generally, there are two main classes of share
Preference shares
Ordinary /equity or common shares
Note that American refers to shares as Stock

6. SHARES AND DEBENTURES Preference shares
These are shares that are entitled to a fixed and specified rate of dividend.
These are shares that are entitled to a capital redistribution before ordinary shareholder when the company is winding up (liquidation).
Preference shareholders do not have voting right (section 49 of the companies code).
Dividend payable on preference shares may be either cumulative or non cumulative.

7. SHARES AND DEBENTURES
Cumulative preference shares are entitled to dividend in arrears in period where no dividends are declared and paid.
Non cumulative preference shares are not entitled to dividend arrears.
All preference shares are deemed to be cumulative unless otherwise indicated.

8. SHARES AND DEBENTURES Ordinary shares
These are also known as equity shares or common shares.
These are shares which entitled the holders to the residue of profit or assets after the dividend or capital of preference shareholders has been determined.
Ordinary shareholders have the right to vote on any resolution placed before the company.
They do not carry fixed rates of dividends and usually bear the risk of the company.

9. SHARES AND DEBENTURES Legal considerations:
All shares should be issued and paid for, in consideration paid for or payable to the company, except they are bonus shares.
Pay-up shares should only be done in in cash unless otherwise stated and agreed (Section 42—Payment of Shares).
Shares up to the total number authorized by the regulations may be issued at any time and for any consideration determined by the company (Section 41—Issue of Shares).
Shares issued may be paid for by the members per the company’s regulation.

10. SHARES AND DEBENTURES
The Registrar of companies should be informed in writing within 28 days after allotment of shares and the terms of the agreement (Section 42—Payment of Shares).
A company must deliver a share certificate to the registered holder within 2 months after issue (currently electronic certificate is available).
Stated share capital: This is the total consideration (cash or kind) received in respect of shares issued and paid for.
It may also include transfers from income surplus of the company.

11. SHARES AND DEBENTURES Treasury shares
these are shares which have been lawfully redeemed, purchased or acquired or forfeited and are in the company’s custody prior to their re-issue.
Notes that the consideration received in respect of re-issue of treasury shares is not part of the stated capital.
Issue share capital is the consideration received for shares issued and paid for to date. This may be lower or equal to stated share capital.

12. SHARES AND DEBENTURES- Methods of issuing shares
There are different methods of issuing shares:
Public issue (prospectus):
This is where prospectus is advertized in the media inviting the public to subscribe to the shares of the company.
Offer for sale
Here the company sells all the shares to an issuing house, usually a financial institution which in turn sells them to the public at profit.

13. Methods of issuing shares
Public Placement
A stockbroker is contracted and he finds persons or financial institutions who which to buy the shares. He reward is called brokerage

14. Methods of issuing shares (contd)
Right Issue
Existing company may wish to raise additional capital by offering the existing shareholders an additional shares to subscribe to on pro-rata basis. The price of issue is usually lower than the existing market price. The shareholder has the option to take up the offer, sell the right or refuse it.
Bonus issue or capitalization issue.
Existing shareholders are offered additional shares in the company without payment of cash. The consideration involves transfer surplus to stated capital.

15. Stages of Issues The following stages may the involved
Application invited and received with the agreed consideration.
Applications considered and unsuccessful ones rejected and monies refunded.
Allotment is made to successful applicants and monies received accordingly.
First call and subsequent calls (per the agreement) made and monies received.
Shares of defaulting shareholders forfeited and share retired to treasury.
Treasury share re-issue and monies sent to share deals.

16. Accounting for share Issue
Note that the price for a share offer may be paid:
full upon application or
In installment at application, allotment through to the calls.
Accounting issues are uncomplicated when full payment is required on application. The issue of forfeiture will not apply. In this case we debit bank account and credit stated capital with the amount.
Where installment basis is applied then the stages will be followed through and through.

17. Share Redemption
The Law frowns on indiscriminate redemption of shares by companies. Why?
When can a company redeem or repurchase it own shares:
Where there is credit balance on the share deal account
Where transfer is made from surplus to share deal for that purpose
Where fresh issues are made purposely for the redemption.
Note: should be used within 12 month.

18. Accounting entries Three scenarios exist:
Redemption is made through Share deal account
Redemption from fresh issue of shares
Combination of share deal and fresh issue

19. Accounting entries- Share deal
Enough monies on share deal
Dr. Share deal accounts
Cr. Bank account
No enough money on share deal but income surplus exist
Dr. income surplus
Cr. Share deals with top required
Dr. Share deal account
Cr. Bank with amount of redemption.

20. Accounting entries- Share deal
similar entries are required where no money is in share deal account but here you transfer full amount needed from income surplus to share deal
*Note that preference share capital will remain on the balance sheet as treasury share (but no voting /dividend right)

21. Practise Question 1
Tasty Meals Ltd issued a prospectus on January 21, 2016 for 10,000 ordinary shares of no par value at Ghc500 each. The shares are payable as follows:
March 1: Ghc100 is payable on application invited (i.e., sent to prospective investors)
March 4: Ghc200 is payable on allotment
March 12: Ghc150 is payable on 1st Call
March 25 Ghc50 is payable on 2nd Call
The issue was fully subscribed and all monies were duly received as they became due.
Required to: Prepare Bank account and stated capital account as at 31st December 2016.

22. Practise Question 2 Redemption of Excess Application (Refund)
Wakye Limited issued an invitation to the public to subscribe for 80,000 ordinary shares of no par value at GH₵10 a share and is payable on application.
Applications have been received for 120,000 shares on January 15. On July 4, the company allotted shares to successful applicants and refunded the excess money.
Required to: Account in the books of Wakye Limited, the correct entries to be recorded in bank account and stated capital account.