1. Liberalism: Reforms and Revolutions

2. National Liberation in Greece: 1821
National, liberal revolution succeeded first in Greece
United by Pan-Hellenism
V. Islamic Ottoman Turks
Alexander Ypsilanti
Supported by others
Americans and Europeans – loved Greek culture
Russians – backed Orthodox religion
Romantics – moved by the romantic impulse
National Liberation in Greece: 1821

3. National Liberation in Greece
1827: the Great Powers (GB, France, Russia) tried to force armistice
Declaration of Independence
Backed by Great Powers
1830: Treaty of London—Install German prince as king
National Liberation in Greece

4. Issues: Liberal Reform in Great Britain
Repressed any kind of protest
1815: Tories passed Corn Laws
protect landholding aristocracy
Tax imports of foreign grain.
Protests=suspension of habeas corpus and right of assembly.
Issues: Liberal Reform in Great Britain
Battle of Peterloo
protest savagely broken up by cavalry
“Six Acts” – stopped radical newspapers and large meetings

5. Liberal Reform in Great Britain
The Reform Bill of 1832
enfranchised more voters
House of Commons emerges important leg. body
12% of adult males can now vote (up 50%)
1848: Chartist Movement (People’s Charter) wants universal male suffrage
Anti-Corn Law League – repealed Corn Laws in and escaped famine
Tories competed with middle class for working- class support by passing factory reform bills.
10 Hours Act of 1847 – limited workday for women and young people in factories
Liberal Reform in Great Britain

6. Revolution of 1830 in France
Constitutional Monarchy
Louis XVIII’s Constitutional Charter of 1814
Keep revolutionary changes
allow intellectual and artistic freedom
Parliament = upper and lower houses
But…only wealthy males can vote
Revolution of 1830 in France

7. Revolution of 1830 in France
Charles X
Wants to reject Charter & Re- establish the old order in France
Military Campaigns in Algeria: rallies support
Stripped wealthy middle class of voting rights, censored the press
Revolution of 1830 in France

8. Revolution of 1830 in France
Printers, artisans, and small traders forced the collapse of the government in 3 days and Charles fled.
Louis Philippe (Citizen King) claimed the throne
Revolution of 1830 in France

9. Other Revolutions 1825 – Decembrist Uprising – Russia
Riot in St. Petersburg against new tsar Nicholas I – many killed
1830: Belgium breaks from the Netherlands
1830: Poland tries to rebel from Russia…Fail
Other Revolutions

10. The Revolutions of 1848
The turning point at which history failed to turn…
- George Macaulay Trevelyan, 1937

12. Causes of upheaval 50+ Riots or Revolutions throughout Europe
Watershed: Cause of everything else in the 19th Century
Romanticism, nationalism, and liberalism
Economic dislocation and instability.
Only Britain and Russia avoided
Neither liberals or conservatives could gain permanent upper hand.
Causes of upheaval

13. France 1848: The February Revolution
Working class and liberals unhappy with King Louis Philippe & Guizot
opposed electoral reform
Dismisses Guizot, but riots break out.
King forced to abdicate on Feb. 24.
France 1848: The February Revolution
Francois Guizot

14. The Provisional Government
Second French Republic declared by Chamber of deputies.
Moderate republicans led by liberal Alphonse Lamartine (allied w/ bourgeoisie)
Socialists led by Louis Blanc
National workshops to provide work
Reforms: abolished slavery in the empire, 10 hr workday in Paris, abolished death penalty.
April elections: conflict between moderate republicans (who won) and socialists
The Provisional Government

15. Workers attempted to create a revolutionary republic
Cause: gov’t closed national workshops
Want poverty reform & redistribution of income.
Barricades put up in streets
The June Days Revolt

16. France 1848 The Second Republic
General Louis Cavaignac: assumed dictatorial powers & crushed revolt (10,000 dead)
Victory for conservatives
Nov 1848 – constitution provided for elected president and one- house parliament
Election of 1848: Louis Napoleon Bonaparte ( ) defeated Cavaignac
1852: Louis Napoleon consolidates power and becomes Emperor Napoleon III
France 1848 The Second Republic
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

17. Ethnic minorities sought nationalistic goals v. Hapsburgs
Hungarians, Slavs, Czechs, Italians, Serbs, Croats, et al.
More non-Germans than Germans lived in the empire
Austrian gov’t was reactionary; liberal institutions were non-existent.
Social reliance on serfdom
Inspired by French Revolutions
Revolution in Austria, 1848

18. Vienna, 1848 March 13 – rioting breaks out in Vienna
Austrian empire collapsed; Metternich fled
Constituent assembly meets.
Serfdom abolished
Revolutionary gov’t failed to govern effectively
Ferdinand I abdicates
Habsburgs restored royal absolutism under Franz Joseph (r ).
Vienna, 1848
Franz Joseph

19. Hungary, 1848 Louis Kossuth (1802-1894) Austrians invade Hungary
Magyar nationalist, demanded independence.
March laws provided for Hungarian independence.
Austrians invade Hungary
Hungarians push to Vienna
Slavic minorities resisted
Hungarian army withdrew
Austrian and Russian collation defeated Hungarian army.
Given autonomy in 1866
Hungary, 1848
Louis Kossuth

20. Bohemia, 1848 Prague Conference
Austroslavism: Slavic people want constitution and autonomy within Habsburg empire.
Failed to unite Slavic peoples in the empire.
Austrian military attacked Prague and occupied Bohemia
Crushed rebellion.
Bohemia, 1848

21. Nationalists and liberals seek to end foreign domination of Italy (Austria)
Milan, Lombardy and Venetia
Bourbon rulers in Kingdom of Two Sicilies and House of Savoy in Sardinia-Piedmont grant liberal constitutions.
Sardinia-Piedmont declared war on Austria.
Beginning in May, revolutions suppressed.
Upheaval in Italy, 1848

22. Giuseppe Mazzini established Roman Republic in 1849 protected by Giuseppe Garibaldi
Pope Pius IX forced to flee
Austrian General Radetsky crushes Sardinia-Piedmont; regains Lombardy and Venetia.
French troops take back Papal States.
Victor Emmanuel II takes throne in Sardinia-Piedmont.
Italy, 1848
Giuseppe Mazzini

23. Italy, 1848 Causes for failure:
Rural people did not support revolutions
Revolutionaries not united
Lack of leadership and administrative experience
Italy, 1848
Giuseppe Garibaldi

24. The German States, 1848 Revolutions inspired by France
Liberals demanded
constitutional government
union of German states.
Frederick William IV rejected constitution
Conservative: guaranteed royal control of gov’t (lasted until ).
The German States, 1848
Frederick William IV

25. Liberal, romantic, & nationalist leaders called for elections to a constituent assembly
Presented Constitution to unify German State
Sought war with Denmark to annex Schleswig & Holstein
Prussian King Frederick William IV as emperor
Frankfurt Parliament

26. Collapse of the Revolution
Debate over whether or not to include Austria and who would rule (Hollenzollerns or Habsburgs?)
Failure of Prussia and Austria to support unification movement
Frederick William’s attempt to unify Germany ended in failure,
Dissolved Parliament and created a constitution for Prussia.
Created two-house parliament, but gave the king ultimate authority.
Collapse of the Revolution

27. Collapse of the Revolution
Prussia attempted to create a north German confederation that it would dominate.
Austria opposed, demanding Prussian allegiance to the Bund (that Austria dominated)
Nov “Humiliation of Olmutz”: Prussia dropped plan to unify Germany, leaving Austria as dominant German state in the Bund.
Prussia would seek revenge in 1866 (Austro- Prussian War)
Collapse of the Revolution

28. The revolutions failed to pull popular support from working classes.
Middle classes led the revolution, but as it turned more radical, they held back.
“Old Guard” too powerful and dominated successful revolts
Nationalism divided more that united.
Some gains lasted (abolition of serfdom, etc.)
Ends the Age of Metternich and Begins the Age of Bismarck
Long term:
Liberalism gains reforms
Germany and Italy would be unify
Austrian Empire collapses after World War I.
1848 – The Consequences

29. Analyze whether or not the revolutions of 1848 can be considered a turning point in European political and social history.
Essay Question