1. THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Diagnostic Medicine

2. Bell Work
1. A patient has absent lung sounds, dyspnea, and increased pulse rate. The patient is sent to imaging and it visualizes a collapsed lung. What is the diagnosis?
2. When the alveoli of the lungs are over dilated and lose their elasticity, what is most likely the patient’s diagnosis?
3. When a pulmonary artery is blocked by an embolus and unable to get sufficient oxygen into the blood, what is most likely the diagnosis of the patient?

3. Standard
19) Identify and perform skills to manage life threatening illnesses based on assessment findings of a pediatric, adult, and geriatric patient with medical emergencies, utilizing rubrics from textbooks, National HOSA guidelines, or clinical standards of practice in the following areas:
i. Chest pain
20) Use assessment information to recognize shock, respiratory failure or arrest, and cardiac arrest based on assessment findings. Demonstrate the ability to manage the situation while awaiting additional emergency response.

4. Objective By the end of class, student will be able to
Recognize main functions of the heart
Identify the 4 chambers of the heart and the 4 heart valves
Interpret the meaning of heart sounds

5. Anatomy
Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries are all blood vessels.
Arteries – carry blood away from the heart
Veins – Carry blood back to the heart
Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels, where exchange of materials occurs, connects an artery and a vein.
Lungs: organs that take in oxygen from the air and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

6. Key Terms Pulmonary – means anything dealing with the lungs
Cardiac – means anything dealing with the heart
Heart: a muscular organ that pumps blood to the lungs and the body.

7. Physiology Also known as Cardiovascular System
Carries blood around the body
Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells all over the body
Transports wastes (urea, carbon dioxide, salt) to excretory organs
It is composed of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels

8. The Heart
Muscular organ
Size of a closed fist
Weighs oz

9. CARDIOLOGY
A PERSON’S HEART WILL BEAT APPROXIMATELY 100,000 TIMES A DAY, EVERY DAY
IMAGINE TRYING TO SQUEEZE A TENNIS BALL 70 TIMES A MINUTE…..THAT IS WHAT YOUR HEART DOES EVERYDAY
Why do you think your heart rate increases during exercise?????

10. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART
Pump blood through arteries, capillaries and veins
Blood transports oxygen and nutrients
Heart is the pump that keeps blood circulating properly

11. Structure Hollow, muscular, double pump that circulates blood
At rest = 2 oz blood with each beat, 5 qts./min., 75 gallons per hour
Ave = 72 beats per minute
100,000 beats per day
PERICARDIUM – double layer of fibrous tissue that surrounds the heart
MYOCARDIUM – cardiac muscle tissue, forms 4 chambers
ENDOCARDIUM – smooth inner lining of heart
SEPTUM – partition (wall) that separates right half from left half

12. Chambers and Valves SEPTUM divides into R and L halves
Upper chambers – RIGHT ATRIUM and LEFT ATRIUM
Lower chambers – RIGHT VENTRICLE and LEFT VENTRICLE
Four heart valves permit flow of blood in one direction

13. VALVES Tricuspid – 3 flaps or cusps – prevents backflow into R atrium
Pulmonary – 3 flaps – prevents backflow into R ventricle
Mitral (bicuspid) – 2 flaps – prevents backflow into L atrium
Aortic – prevents backflow into L ventricle

14. Valves
Atrioventricular (AV) valves: Tricuspid and Mitral Valves. Between the Atrium and Ventricles
Semilunar Valves: Pulmonary and Aortic

15. CARDIAC CYCLE Creates Heart sounds Heard through stethoscope
“LUB-DUB” sound
1st sound – longest and loudest (closure of AV valves)
2nd sound – closure of aortic and pulmonary valves
If valves do not close properly – you will hear an extra sound called a heart murmur

16. Pulse Wavelike pulsation of heartbeat in arteries
Palpate superficial artery with pads of three middle fingers
Veins do not pulsate
Counting a patient’s pulse is a method of determining the patient’s heart rate. Count the patient’s pulse for 1 minute.

17. Factors Affecting Pulse
Normal heart rate decreases with age
Newborn heart rate is higher than an adult’s heart rate
Athletic people will have decreased rate
Heart rate increases with exercise, emotion, stress, fear, and anxiety
Heart rate is affected by pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, and medications
Fever increases heart rate
Many factors affect pulse rate. Think of all the things that increase your heart rate and decrease your heart rate.

18. Heart Rate Measured in beats per minute Normal Heart Rate
Adults –
Abnormal Heart Rates
<60 BPM – Bradycardia
>100 BPM – Tachycardia
Your heart rate is: 70 BPM (70 beats per minute)

19. Pulse Sites Many pulse points in the body
Any area where pulse can be felt
May be done to evaluate circulation in body area
Count heart rate
Compressed to control bleeding
Pulse points can also be used to control bleeding in the event of an injury or accident.

20. Major Pulse Sites Temporal Carotid Brachial Radial Femoral Popliteal
Pedal - Dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis
Head—neck—arm—wrist—upper leg—knee—foot

21. Apex of Heart
Lowest tip of the organ that points downward at the base, forming what almost looks like a rounded point.
Strongest beat can be heard and even felt here!!!
Stethoscope – instrument used to hear the heartbeat

22. Pulse Points
Apical pulse— auscultated with stethoscope, 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line
PMI: point of maximal impulse
The apical pulse can be counted at the fifth intercostal space to the left of the sternum at the midclavicular line (MCL). This is also known as the point of maximal impulse, because it is where the heartbeat can be heard most easily. The apical pulse is always counted for 1 full minute.

23. Structure
Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava – bring deoxygenated blood to right atrium
Pulmonary artery – takes blood away from right ventricle to the lungs for O2
Pulmonary veins – bring oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
Aorta – takes blood away from left ventricle to rest of the body

24. Objective By the end of class, student will be able to
Recognize main functions of the heart
Identify the 4 chambers of the heart and the 4 heart valves
Interpret the meaning of heart sounds

25. Exit Ticket List one function of the heart
Draw me a heart with the four chamber and four valves
What valves close with S1?
What valves close with S2

26. Assignment
Respiratory Lab Review questions only 1-14
Put in Notebook