1. SOL 6.7
Ecosystems

2. Ecosystems
An ecosystem is made up of the biotic (living) community and the abiotic (nonliving) factors that affect it. The health of an ecosystem is directly related to water quality.
Abiotic factors determine ecosystem type and its distribution of plants and animals as well as the usage of land by people. Abiotic factors include water supply, topography, landforms, geology, soils, sunlight, and air quality/O2 availability.

3. Ecosystems Look at this ecosystem.
Identify the abiotic and biotic factors in this ecosystem.

4. Human Impact
Human activities can alter abiotic components and thus accelerate or decelerate natural processes. For example, people can affect the rate of natural erosion. Plowing cropland can cause greater erosion, while planting trees can prevent it. Flood protection/wetland loss is another example

5. Watersheds
A watershed is the land that water flows across or through on its way to a stream, lake, wetland, or other body of water. Areas of higher elevations, such as ridgelines and divides, separate watersheds

6. Watersheds
The three major regional watershed systems in Virginia lead to the Chesapeake Bay, the North Carolina sounds, or the Gulf of Mexico.
River systems are made up of tributaries of smaller streams that join along their courses. Rivers and streams generally have wide, flat, border areas, called flood plains, onto which water spills out at times of high flow.

7. Watersheds
Rivers and streams carry and deposit sediment. As water flow decreases in speed, the size of the sediment it carries decreases.

8. Water over Land: Watersheds

10. Key Words
Tributary- the smaller streams and rivers that feed into a main river.
Watershed- The land area that supplies water to a river system.
Divide- the ridge of land that separates one watershed from another.
Levee- a long ridge formed by deposits of sediments alongside a river channel.

11. Key Word Continued Reservoir- A lake that stores water for human use.
Eutrophication- The process by which nutrients in a lake build up over time, causing an increase in the growth of algae.

15. Tennessee Big Sandy River
New River
Bluestone River
Tennessee Big Sandy River
Pocahontas
Dryfork, MudFork, Horsepen
Bluefield
Bishop, Amonata
Cedar Bluff
Clear Fork Creek
Clear Fork
Tazewell
Wolf Creek
Richlands
Burke’s Garden
Claypool Hill
Raven
Maiden Springs
Clinch and Powell
The Cove
Thompson Valley
Tannersville
Rivers-Red
Divide- Brown line
County sections- Blue
North Fork of the Holston River

18. Wetlands and Estuaries
Wetlands form the transition zone between dry land and bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, or bays.
Both tidal and nontidal wetlands perform important water quality functions:
regulating runoff by storing flood waters
reducing erosion by slowing down run-off
maintaining water quality by filtering sediments, trapping nutrients, and breaking down pollutants
and recharging groundwater.
They also provide food and shelter for wildlife and fish and nesting and resting areas for migratory birds.

19. Estuaries
Estuaries perform important functions, such as providing habitat for many organisms and serving as nurseries for their young.
The Chesapeake Bay is an estuary where fresh and salt water meet and are mixed by tides. It is the largest estuary in the contiguous United States and one of the most productive.

20. Water Quality
Water quality monitoring is the collection of water samples to analyze chemical and/or biological parameters. Simple parameters include pH, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and the presence of macroinvertebrate organisms.