1. Foundations of Government
Chapter 1

2. Essential Questions: What is government?
What are the major functions of government and how do they benefit society?
Write the questions and give an explanation and explain how they are beneficial. (5 mins.)
Be ready to explain your answer.

3. Section 1: Key Terms government power policy state sovereignty
politics
legitimacy
divine right of kings
social contract theory
Government is the formal institutions and processes through which decisions are made for a group of people.
Power: government’s authority
Policy: any decision made by government
A state is a political unit with power to enforce laws.
sovereignty, or supreme power, to act within its territory.
Politics is the process by which government makes and carries out decisions.
legitimacy, or acceptance by important segments of the population.
Divine right of kings means that a king answers only to God.
Social contract theory states that people must agree among themselves to submit to the authority of a state.

4. What is Government?
Institution that makes and enforces its public policies for its people.
Legislative
Make laws
Structure public policy
Executive
Execute
Enforce
Administer law
Judicial
Interpret laws
Determine meanings
Settle disputes

5. State Describe the three main components of most governments.
Population
Territory
Sovereignty
Government
Describe the three main components of most governments.

6. Main components of most Governments
People
Policies
Power
people—rulers and the ruled
power—government authority
policies—decisions made by government

7. Functions of Government
Ensure National Security
Maintain Order
Resolve Conflict
Provide services
Provide for the Public Good

8. Critical Thinking
How might ideas about the public shape policy? Explain.

9. Theories of Government
Divine Right Theory
Social Contract Theory
Force Theory
Evolution Theory
Divine Right Theory: States are founded by God or the gods, and the ruler possesses a “divine right” to rule (the belief that a ruler is chosen by God or the gods).
Evolution Theory: States form gradually over time, growing from family and extended kinship groups.
Social Contract Theory: States form when people reach a “contract” to surrender some power to a common authority in return for security.
Force Theory: States form when an individual or group uses force to make enough people submit to a central authority.
How do social contract theory and force theory differ in their explanations of the origins of the state?

10. Section 2: Key Terms monarchy dictatorship oligarchy direct democracy
republic
unitary system
federal system
confederal system
presidential system
parliamentary system
monarchy the government is headed by one person, such as a king or a queen, who exercises supreme authority.
dictatorship is a system of rule in which one person, a dictator, or a small group of people can hold unlimited power over government.
oligarchy, meaning rule by a few, or an aristocracy.
direct democracy. Citizens met regularly in a popular assembly to discuss issues and vote for leaders.
republic is an indirect form of democracy that places political decision making at least one step away from the people.
unitary system, sovereignty, or ultimate authority, rests in a single, national government.
federal system of government divides power over people and territory between a national government and smaller, regional levels of government.
confederal system independent states join forces by forming a central government, called a confederation.
presidential system is distinguished by having a president that is elected by the people for a limited term of office.
parliamentary system, the executive and legislative branches of government are combined.

11. Types of Government Autocracy: One person holding unlimited power
Oligarchy: Small Self-appointed elite
Unitary: Centralized government: All gov’t powers belong to a single central agency
Federal: Power divided between central and local
Confederation: alliance between independent states
Presidential: 3 branches are separate but coequal
Parliament: Executive power vested in a cabinet (legislature) who are responsible to the legislature

12. Group Activity
Scenario: Your group has been transported to an island or other isolated area, and must decide on a new government. Task: 1. List the type of government you want. 2. The Functions it will perform. Be able to explain why? 3. How it will benefit the people once implemented 4. How political leaders will be selected 5. Create a flag to show patriotism End Product: Share you plan with the class. Your class will determine which is best by vote. (Note: No two governments are alike.)

13. Exit Slip Directions: Read each question and chose the correct letter.
Which of the following forms of government has elected representatives that make decisions on behalf of the people?
Monarchy b. authoritarian regime
c. Constitutional monarchy d. oligarchy
Which principle of American democracy holds government officials accountable to the law?
Worth of the individual b. rule of law
c. Majority rule d. minority rights
Why did the Framers of the U.S. constitution fear majority rule?
Majority rule would ensure b. authoritarian regime

14. Critical Thinking Questions
1. Read the section and discuss each ideal as a group 2. Write down your understanding of the ideal 3. How are the American ideals discussed in today’s lesson present in modern society? 4. What significance impact do the democratic principles have on today’s society?

15. Review Chapter 1 What is government?
Which major characteristics do all states share?
What are the functions of government?
What theories of rule have been put forth to explain government?
How do governments pay for public services they provide?

16. What ideal is present and how does lack of it impact society?

17. Review Continue
Why is it important for the national government to maintain order in society?
How does the government resolve conflict?
Why is it important for the government to ensure national security?
What types of services does the national government provide?
Why is it important for the national government to provide for the public good?

18. What ideal is present and how does lack of it impact society?

19. Academic Baseball
Why do you think larger complex communities require larger and more complex governments?
What are the four characteristics of a state?
What are the major functions of a government?
What are John Locke’s thoughts on protecting natural rights in society?

20. What ideal is present and how does lack of it impact society?

21. Academic Baseball Explain the divine right theory.
Explain the social contract theory.
How does the government exercise eminent domain?
How is national power organized differently in unitary system?
Federal?
Presidential?

22. What ideal is present and how does lack of it impact society?

23. Academic Baseball –Explain each form of government and why is it important?
“ We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

24. What ideal is present and how does lack of it impact society?

25. 6 Forms of Government
“ We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”

26. Second Treatise of Government

27. Basic Concepts of Democracy
What rights should the minority have in a democracy?
Majority Rule vs. Minority Rights
Worth of a person
Equality for all persons
Majority rule, Minority Rights
Necessity of Compromise
Individual Freedom

28. Free Enterprise

29. Close up: on the Supreme Court
Page 23
Review constitutional grounds on which each case based its argument and information presented.
Which viewpoint do you favor? Why? ( Discussion)
How will the courts decision affect the availability of internet access in the libraries? Page 805

30. Political Beginnings Ordered, Limited, and Representative Government.
Common Features of State Constitution
1. Popular Sovereignty
2. Limited Government
3. Civil Rights and Liberty
4. Separation of Powers

31. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Turn to page 45. Ratifying the Constitution 1. Federalists: Stressed the weakness of the Articles. ( Create a constitution) 2. Anti-Federalists: Rejected the Constitution.\ Why? Absence of God, States power: Print money.

32. Understanding the Constitution
Turn to page 758
As your group reads through the U.S. Constitution answer the Scavenger Hunt questions on your own paper.
Keep this paper so you may study from it.

33. Homework
Review your Chapter One notes this weekend and prepare for a quiz week of, Jan 30th at the start of class.

34. Essential Thought
Think about your family and determine how power is divided. Are you given the flexibility to make decisions over your life or are you restricted by your parents or guardians?
After determining this, explain whether this is effective or not.
This is a part of your notes and will be reported out.

35. Federalism
Federalism is a political system with a written constitution that divides powers between its National and “local” government.
Is federalism is a positive or negative system?
Unitary
Local gov’t must follow to national gov’t decisions
Local gov’t can be altered or abolished by national gov’t
Local gov’t lacks final sovereignty over gov’t activity

36. What powers are given to the National Government
delegated powers - powers specifically given by the Constitution.
Most of these are exclusive powers, or powers that belong only to the National Government.
Expressed powers are those listed in the Constitution.
Implied powers are not listed but are suggested.
Inherent powers are those that national governments have historically possessed.
Some powers delegated to the National Government are concurrent powers. It shares these powers with the States.
The States’ powers are called reserved powers.

37. Peer Group Activity Turn to Article 1: Sections 8-10
Each group will target one of the following:
Powers delegated to the National Government
Powers delegated to the Local government
Powers delegated to the States
Concurrent Powers

38. National Powers
Concurrent Powers
State Powers
Coin money
Levy and collect taxes
Regulate trade and business within the State
Regulate interstate and foreign trade
Borrow money
Establish public schools
Raise and maintain armed forces
Establish courts
Pass license requirements for professionals
Declare war
Define crimes and set punishments
Regulate alcoholic beverages
Conduct foreign relations
Claim private property for public use
Conduct elections
Govern U.S. territories and admit States
Establish local governments

39. Exit Slip Review Questions
What is the difference, if any, between exclusive and concurrent powers? Support your claim with evidence and relevant examples.
Place post-it with your first and last name on the pink exit slip paper on the back wall.