1. A Morning of FUN with Particle Accelerators!
Alexandria Blanchard
Friday December 2nd, 2005

2. Outline Linear particle accelerators Mini history lesson #1 Fermi lab
Y Why this topic?
Y Two types
Linear particle accelerators
Mini history lesson #1
Fermi lab
Guts of a LINAC
Thumbs up and thumbs down
Cyclotrons
Mini history lesson #2
Guts of a Cyclotron
Yays and nays
Y Applications
Y Conclusion

3. I ain’t afraid of no ghosts!
This presentation brought you through the inspiration of the 1984 classic: Ghostbusters…
Egon- There's something very important I forgot to tell you. Peter- What? Egon- Don't cross the streams. Peter- Why? Egon- It would be bad. Peter- I'm fuzzy on the whole good/bad thing.
What do you mean, "bad?" Egon- Try to imagine all life as you know it stopping
instantaneously and every molecule in your body
exploding at the speed of light. Ray- Total protonic reversal. Peter- Right. That's bad. Okay. All right. Important safety tip.
Thanks, Egon.

4. How the linear particle accelerator came to life!
R. Wideroe, in 1928, discovered that e- could be accelerated through a tube with gaps through an applied radio frequency voltage.
The LINear ACcelerator started off as a single stage through direct current. The current could be provided by a Van de Graaff generator

5. Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory: Chicago, Il.
The most powerful proton-antiproton collider
Designed to reach 1 TeV or 10^12 eV
Has produced evidence for the top quark

6. What makes the LINAC?
Ion source: most common is a heated electrode (a filament)
if particle is heavier, a proton, a hot cathode is used
High voltage source: used for initial injection of particles
Hollow pipe vacuum chamber: length varies with application
Radio-frequency oscillators: used to “energize” drift tubes Drift tubes (or cylindrical electrodes): their length varies with distance from the
source, frequency and power, & the nature of the accelerated particle
Target: varies with accelerated particle and specific investigation
Alignment: magnetic or electrostatic lens elements, use of servo systems guided
by laser beams + the fact that the tube is a Faraday cage.

7. +’s and –’s + Accelerates heavy ions far better then ring accelerators
+ Close to getting e- to relativistic speeds
+ Produces a nearly continuous stream of particles
- Length limits possible locations and #
- Accelerating cavity material limitations

8. the next step…… ?

9. Cyclotron ahoy
The first successful cyclotron came from Earnest Lawrence (1930) and accelerated protons with a radio frequency voltage.
This model had a .1 m diameter!!!
Not to long after Lawrence, with the assistance of M. Stanley Livingston, created another with a diameter or .25 m accelerated a proton to 1MeV.

10. What makes the Cyclotron?
High-frequency alternating voltage: applied across the “D” or Dee electrodes
the frequency depends on particle mass
Dee electrodes: located in a flat vacuum chamber, there is a small gap separating each electrode.
Ion source: located in the Dee gap, center of “circle”. Same dependencies as the LINAC.
M-field: travels “down” through the top
of the Dee
Magnet: creates a uniform m-field
Deflector: guides ion beam to the target
Target: same dependencies as the
LINAC

11. Ooo, pretty physics equation time
Fmag=q(vxB)
Fca=(mv^2)/r … (mv^2)/r=q(vxB)
Fca=Fmag v/r=(qB)/m
w=(qB)/m … f=w/(2*pi)
f=(Bq)/(2m*pi)

12. +’s and –’s + Saves $$$ and power
+ Continuous stream of particle pulses
+ Compact
+ Radiation = energy waste no more
- Big odd shaped vacuum chamber

13. Applications! polymerize plastics… treat waste…
sterilize food… precise cancer treatment… isotope production…
nuclear energy… atmospheric understanding…

14. Will there be proton accelerator backpack under the Christmas tree?
Lets see:
Your not tall enough for a LINAC.
both are pretty darn heavy! (might
want to bulk up a little) Humans were rather susceptible to
radiation last time I checked
To obtain the full effects you need
to live in a vacuum
… An idea great for a movie but not to hot for real life!!!
At least not anytime soon…
Don’t cry, I bet you’ll get something cool anyways!

15. Bibliography
“A Proton Accelerator in Brief.” MYRRHA.
“Accelerator applications.”
“Accelerators.” HyperPhysics.
“Circular Accelerator.” Stanford.
“Cyclotrons.” Wikipedia.
“High Intensity Proton Accelerator Project.” Shin’ya Sawada.
Knight, Randall D. Physics for Scientists and Engineers. San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc., 2004.
“Large Storms on Earth are Particle Accelerators.” Slashdot.
“Linear Accelerators.” Radiology Info.
“Linear Accelerators.” Wikipedia.

16. Questions? Comments?