1. The Oklahoma City Bombing
Timothy McVeigh: An American Terrorist
Presentation by Jeff Jones

2. 9:02 a.m. April 19, 1995
Residents of Chandler, Oklahoma heard a loud noise.
Some thought it was a sonic boom.
Others wondered how thunder could be heard on such a clear and sunny day.

3. 40 miles away in Oklahoma City
168 dead and over 500 injured
320 structures in surrounding area damaged
$651 million of damage

4. Timothy McVeigh Born April 23, 1968 Western New York
Loved the Outdoors
Interested in Guns

5. Joined the Army in 1988 Expert Marksman
Gunner on Bradley Armored Fighting Vehicle
Served in Gulf War
5 Medals for Service in War
Failed in Bid to Join Special Forces

6. “Army Buddies” Terry Nichols Older than other soldiers
Called “Old Man”
Michael Fortier
Fulfilling family tradition of military service

7. Disenchanted with Army
Passed out Copies of Turner Diaries
Mailing List for the KKK
Questioned the necessity of Gulf War
Turned down promotion and left army at end of 1991

8. Ruby Ridge, Idaho
Felt that government was intending to disarm the American public
August 21, 1992
Federal Agents in gun battle trying to arrest Randy Weaver
Weaver’s wife and 14 year old son were killed during standoff

9. Waco, Texas
February 28, 1993
Gun Battle between agents of ATF and members of David Koresh’s cult, the Branch Davidians
4 Agents and 6 Cult Members Killed
Siege followed

10. McVeigh at Waco Sold Bumper Stickers
“A man with a gun is a Citizen. A man without a gun is a Subject”
Interviewed by SMU student, Michelle Rauch
“The government is afraid. Afraid of guns people have because they have to have control of the people at all times. Once you take away the guns, you can do anything to the people.”

11. End of Waco Siege
McVeigh said the federal government had murdered the people at Waco
“Blood will flow in the streets, good vs. evil, freemen vs. socialist wannabe slaves.”
Began to experiment with chemicals that could be used to make a bomb

12. September 30 and October 18, 1994
Terry Nichols purchased a combined total of 4,000 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer
McVeigh purchased three drums of nitromethane racing fuel under the pretense of using it for motorcycle racing

13. Planning the Truck Bomb
This is a drawing by Timothy McVeigh diagramming the placement of 55-gallon drums filled with a combination of nitromethane and ammonium nitrate.

14. Picking the Target Criteria for Potential Attack Sites:
Must have at least two of the following three federal law enforcement agencies:
ATF
FBI
DEA
Additional agencies such as the Secret Service and US Marshals would be a bonus
Considered buildings in Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arizona, and Texas

15. Alfred P. Murrah Building
Opened in 1977
Offices for ATF, DEA, and Secret Service
Front of building was glass that would shatter creating more damage
Plenty of open space allowing for news photos and television footage
High Body Count
Likened the federal employees in the building to the storm troopers in the movie, Star Wars

16. McVeigh’s Map

17. April 14-18, 1995
Rented 20-foot Ryder Truck from Elliott’s Body Shop in Junction City, Kansas
Spent several nights at the Dreamland Motel

18. April 19, 1995
Original Plan was to detonate the bomb at 11 a.m. but changed his mind and decided to detonate at 9 a.m. instead
These pictures show where the truck was parked

19. 9:02 a.m. Blast occurred and was the equivalent of 3 tons of TNT
McVeigh claimed the force of the blast lifted him a full inch off the ground
He said buildings were wobbling from side to side and plate glass showered down into the street around him
Every building in a sixteen block area surrounding the blast was damaged. Some had to be demolished

21. A 4-foot long section of truck frame landed on the roof of a building two blocks away
The rear axle of the Ryder truck traveled 200 yards away and crashed down on the hood of a red Ford Festiva

22. 168 Killed and over 500 injured
163 were in the Murrah Building
Nurse who rushed to the scene died while assisting in the rescue effort
Woman in Athenian building across the street
Man and Woman in Oklahoma Water Resources Building across the street
Woman killed as she was walking through a nearby parking lot
20 more than the 148 Americans killed in the Gulf War
8 were Federal Law Enforcement Agents
99 worked for the Federal Government in some capacity
19 children killed
Most of the dead would not be identified for several days; several took weeks to identify
Ages ranged from 3 months to 73 years old

23. 19 Children Killed
America’s Kids Day Care was on the second floor of the Murrah Building
McVeigh claimed," I didn’t know there was a day care center. I’ve never been in the building in my life.”
McVeigh never expressed any remorse over the deaths of the many federal employees in the building, just the children.

24. Arrest McVeigh left Oklahoma City taking I-35 North
Claimed he left the license plate off his car on purpose
Pulled over by Trooper Charles Hanger for the missing plate

25. McVeigh exited the vehicle and Hanger noticed bulge underneath the jacket
McVeigh announced he had a loaded gun in a shoulder holster
Hanger pulled his weapon and arrested McVeigh
He was taken to Noble County Jail in Perry Oklahoma
Charged with transporting a loaded firearm in a motor vehicle; unlawfully carrying a weapon; failing to display a current license plate; and failing to maintain proof of insurance
Remained in Jail for two days awaiting his court appearance

26. Investigators found the rear axle and part of the rear bumper with Florida license plate
VIN number on rear axle along with the tag led to finding the truck had been rented in Junction City, Kansas
Composite sketches of Kling and another man were distributed
Dreamland Motel manager recognized Kling as Timothy McVeigh
APB showed that McVeigh was already in custody in Noble County on other charges

27. Federal Custody
“He was arguably the most notorious despised criminal defendant in America since Lee Harvey Oswald. He had blown up an office building, killing 168 people of almost every age, race and religion.”
Michel and Herbeck, American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing, 276.

28. Refused to plead guilty to the charges against him, but he made no pretense of innocence to his lawyers.
He said his actions were a justifiable response to the tyranny of the federal government.
Wanted his lawyers to craft a “necessity defense” claiming the bombing was an absolute necessity
Wanted to use the trial to make his case about the federal government

29. Guilty
On June 2, McVeigh was found Guilty on all eleven counts filed against him
Conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction
Use of such a weapon
Destruction of government property with explosives
8 counts of first degree murder of the federal law enforcement agents killed in the blast
On June 13, McVeigh was sentenced to death

30. Co-Conspirators Nichols was sentenced to life in prison
Fortier became the chief witness for the prosecution and was sentenced to 11 years in prison
“There was no big conspiracy. It was mostly me. The few friends who helped me were acting under some duress, and none of them had any control over when I was going to blow up the Murrah building.”

31. Effects of Terrorism
Increase a sense of vulnerability and show the government cannot keep us safe
Use media coverage to get message to a larger audience
The coverage by the media can extend the horror far beyond the number of people immediately affected by the blast.

33. McVeigh’s Motivation
McVeigh viewed himself as the ultimate defender of America against a violent and illegitimate federal government.
His refusal to ask for clemency and his eventual execution gave him a great sense of historical accomplishment.
In correspondence with Gore Vidal, he compared the justice of his act to the justice behind President Harry Truman’s 1945 attack on Hiroshima

34. Mahmud Abouhalima, Convicted Terrorist in 1993 WTC Bombing
“It was done for a very, very specific reason…they had some certain target, you know, a specific achievement. They wanted to reach the government with the message that we are not tolerating the way that you are dealing with our citizens. If they believe that the government unjustifiably killed the people in Waco, then they have their own way to respond. [It] was morally justified.”
Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence,

35. McVeigh claimed that his attack also led the Federal Agents to back down from the deadly attacks they had formerly used at Ruby Ridge and Waco
There was a standoff between federal agents and the Montana Freemen, a militia group who claimed to have established a sovereign nation on 960 acres of land in Montana. After 81 days, the standoff ended peacefully with the surrender of 23 adults and four children.
McVeigh said, “I am convinced the Freemen would be dead if not for the Murrah Building bombing.”
He also pointed to the $3.1 million settlement reached between the federal government and Randy Weaver and his surviving children. In return, they agreed to drop a $200 million civil suit they had filed against the government.

36. Further Effects of Oklahoma City Bombing
Unfortunately the new individual terrorist is much more difficult to stop. This type of “megalomaniacal hyperterrorist is incessantly looking for original ways to surprise and devastate their enemy. They know their actions will foster public outrage, yet they do not care. They believe history will judge them in a more favorable light.”
The government will need to keep a much closer watch on known terrorists and should increase investments in human intelligence aimed at identifying hitherto unknown or potential megalomaniacal foes.
Ehud Sprinzak, "The Lone Gunman," Foreign Policy, November, 2001:

37. Oklahoma City Memorial
“The bombing brought us to our knees, but we got back up. If anything, it made us stronger.”
Richard Williams, Assistant Manager of the Murrah Building