1. Organizational Government and Contract Administration
A principle function of management is to direct the workforce….Employee welfare is not their primary concern.
Remaining solvent and making a profit is…..people are one of the many means to that end.

2. Organizational Government and Contract Administration
Unions represent the presence of a force capable of preventing management from disregarding the interests of its workers.

3. Organizational Government and Contract Administration
Many people feel it is pointless to live in political democracy if the conditions of their work life (in which they spend the largest portion of their adult waking hours) are dictatorial and deny freedom and dignity.

4. Organizational Government and Contract Administration
Enlightened policies by management, a counter-force in the form of a union, or both, can keep management from destroying important human values in the plant.

5. The Concept of Industrial or Organizational Jurisprudence
The underlying idea is similar to that of public government in a democracy in that it is a “government of laws not of men.”

6. The Concept of Industrial or Organizational Jurisprudence
In particular, in the firm an employee may be punished only for proved violations of known rules or standards, not at the discretion of a supervisor.

7. The Concept of Industrial or Organizational Jurisprudence
Such conditions of law can exist without a union, and where management has established them the urge of employees to unionize is usually low.

8. The Concept of Industrial or Organizational Jurisprudence
It is worth noting that many plants have a better system of Industrial Jurisprudence for non-supervisory employees than for members of management.
Managers - at all levels - often have little protection against arbitrary treatment.

9. The Concept of Industrial or Organizational Jurisprudence
A significant difference between union and non-union jobs is access to Industrial Jurisprudence (due process).
This distinction is important because of a common-law doctrine called:
Employment-at-Will

10. The Concept of Industrial or Organizational Jurisprudence
In the broadest sense, organizational jurisprudence includes both the establishment of workplace regulations (contract negotiation) and their interpretation and application (contract administration).

11. Contract Administration
A contract consists mainly of things that management commits itself to do for employees, and it may contain rules limiting management’s freedom with respect to employees.

12. Contract Administration
For the most part, if management satisfies the terms of the contract, no further action is required until contract expiration.

13. Contract Administration
The aspect that requires attention comes into focus when an employee and the union claim that the employer has not followed the contract, and they institute action to remedy the situation.

14. The Process of Continuous Negotiation
The entire concept of plant governance and contract administration can also be thought of as one in which union and management continue to negotiate during the life of the agreement.

15. The Process of Continuous Negotiation
There are times when parties agree in principle in formal negotiations and leave the negotiation of the details of implementation to later.

16. The Process of Continuous Negotiation
On other occasions, changing conditions might suggest some timely modifications to the existing agreement.

17. The Process of Continuous Negotiation
With the period between negotiations being used to identify and promote meaningful dialogue around important work place topics of mutual interest.

18. Grievance Procedures
The specifics of a grievance procedure are established by the parties when they negotiate their collective bargaining agreement.
Few procedures are identical.

19. Grievance Procedures Structure
A study of 400 union grievance procedures in all industries showed 91% of all agreements had between two (2) and four (4) steps, with the final step being Arbitration.

20. Grievance Procedures Structure
Of the contracts specifying how the grievance was to be presented (first step), about half required that it be in writing.

21. Grievance Procedures Structure
The amount of time allowed for bringing or appealing a grievance varied, as did the time allowed management to respond, but most contracts specified time limits.

22. Grievance Procedures Structure
Union failure to comply with any of the time limits will usually result in dismissal of the grievance without any rights of appeal.

23. Grievance Procedures Structure
Management’s failure to observe time limits usually is equated with grievance denial giving the union the right to appeal to the next higher step.

24. Grievance Procedures Structure
In most states, arbitrators’ decisions are enforceable in court.
It is the sense of organizational jurisprudence that no decision by an arbitrator may add to, modify, or subtract from the contract.

25. Grievance Procedures Structure
Otherwise the arbitrator has a wide range of discretion at his or her disposal.
Arbitrator’s decisions are intended to be final and binding but on rare occasions they are appealed (federal courts).

26. Grievance Procedures Structure
What is a Grievance ?????
“a complaint by an employee, a group of employees, the union, or the employer, involving an alleged violation or interpretation of any provision of the agreement”.

27. Grievance Procedures Structure
In virtually all contracts containing grievance procedures, individual employees are the ones who have the right to file grievances.

28. Grievance Procedures Structure
When management is dissatisfied with an employee it exercises its’ authority and acts…..the appropriate employee reaction is the grievance.

29. Grievance Procedures Structure
Arbitrators have found that only certain types of cases tend to occur frequently.
Those concerning:
Discipline, seniority rights, drug and alcohol problems, subcontracting, scheduling (overtime), job classification, and work methods.

30. A Method of Final Resolution Arbitration
The vast majority of all grievances are settled in the early stages of the procedure.

31. A Method of Final Resolution Arbitration
However, when the parties are unable to resolve their differences, they are likely to end up in arbitration.
This is made more likely when you consider that ninety-eight percent of all union-management grievance procedures contain arbitration clauses.

32. A Method of Final Resolution Arbitration
Management is able to extract a “No-Strike” commitment from the union because it is willing to guarantee to the employee that all disputes arising in the workplace are resolvable through a grievance procedure that provides for final and binding arbitration.

33. A Method of Final Resolution Arbitration
This process was further strengthened in 1957 when the Supreme Court decided that labor agreements were binding contracts and agreements to take disputes to arbitration could be enforced.

34. A Method of Final Resolution Arbitration
In 1960 that same court made three additional decisions, the so-called Steelworks Trilogy cases, that established the circumstances under which the courts could compel arbitration, and established the limited basis upon which an arbitrator’s decision could be appealed.

35. A Method of Final Resolution Arbitration
The NLRB also has a strong bias toward the use of arbitration in the resolution of disputes.
Even in cases where both the contract and the Act may have been violated the Board tends to defer to arbitration as the best method of resolution.

36. Arbitrator Selection
By prior agreement most unions and management will use one of two services:
FMCS
American Arbitration Association

37. Arbitrator Selection List of arbitrators is requested (5-7)
Each party strikes names
Arbitrator selected / hearing date set
Evidence and arguments presented at hearing
The tone of hearing is set by arbitrator / parties
Arbitrator charged with rendering an award
Post hearing briefs required from each party
Award is given in writing usually within 30 days
The award is final and binding (limited appeal)

38. Common Law in Organizational Jurisprudence
As case after case is processed within a company, the accumulated decisions can constitute a common law, establishing precedents for the detailed provision that cannot be spelled out in contract.
Two distinct attitudes have arisen toward such common law.

39. Arbital Decision Making
Arbitrators are called upon to make two
kinds of judgements:
“Just Cause” for discipline and
discharge. (Assumes Due Process)
Contract Interpretation

40. The Rules for Due Process
Employee should know the rules and the consequence of their violations.
Employers responses to rule violations should be consistent and predictable.
Employee discipline should be based on the facts.
Employees should be given an opportunity to question the facts and present evidence on their side of the story.

41. The Rules for Due Process
Employees should be able to appeal the disciplinary decision.
Employees should be given progressive discipline.
Each employee should be considered as an individual.

42. Standard for Interpreting Contract Language
The primary function of the arbitrator is to carry out the mutual intent of the parties as expressed in the agreement.
If the language is not clear the arbitrator may infer intent based on bargaining history, discussions during negotiations, and past practices.

43. Standard for Interpreting Contract Language
If specific meanings are not given in the contract, meanings may be derived from general and specialized legal dictionaries, and decisions of other arbitrators.
Where the contract contains both general and specific language, the specific tends to govern.

44. Standard for Interpreting Contract Language
Where there is room for interpretation and flexibility, arbitrators will take into account reasonableness and fairness when arriving at decisions.

45. Duty of Fair Representation
In exchange for exclusive recognition, an accompanying duty is placed upon the unions to provide representation for all employees in the bargaining unit equally and fairly without regard to their membership status.

46. Duty of Fair Representation
As long as unions do not violate the standards of “fair representation” they are not legally bound to bring every case to arbitration.
However, when the union ignores its duty to fairly represent a bargaining unit employee the aggrieved employee can seek redress through the courts.

47. Grievance Procedures Non-Union Settings
In evaluating a grievance system, it is important not to equate absence of complaints with worker satisfaction.
The grievance process provides every employee access to senior management when they have serious complaints about their treatment and/or general conditions of employment.

48. Grievance Procedures Non-Union Settings
A grievance procedure in which employees have full confidence is difficult to create without a union.
Unless the process contains a third party arbitration provision the employee is ultimately faced with asking the company to adjudicate his or her complaint against “the company”.

49. Grievance Procedures Non-Union Settings
Non-union grievance procedures are established for at least two reasons:
To inhibit the desire among
workers for union representation.
To improve employee performance
and in due course improve
productivity and efficiency.

50. Grievance Mediation An alternative to the standard grievance-
arbitration model is the introduction of a
mediation step into the procedure.
Mediation is used as the last step prior to
arbitration in which an interest based
resolution is sought hoping to find a more
effective resolution. If it fails arbitration
is still an option.