1. Figure 3 Extracellular stimuli to HSC activation
Figure 3 | Extracellular stimuli to HSC activation. Hepatic cells including hepatocytes, macrophages, biliary epithelial cells, liver progenitor cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, platelets and B cells promote (green arrows) or inhibit (red lines) the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) through production of hormones, cytokines and other signalling molecules. 5-HTBR2, 5-hydroxytrypamine receptor 2B; CCL, C–C motif chemokine; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; CXCL, C–X–C motif chemokine; EGF, epidermal growth factor; ET1, endothelin 1; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; Hh, hedgehog; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1; IGFBP5, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (also known as CCL2); MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NK, natural killer; NKT, natural killer T; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TGF, transforming growth factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. Reproduced from “Pathobiology of liver fibrosis: a translational success story”, Lee, Y.A., Wallace, M.C. and Friedman, S.L., 64, 830–841, 2015, with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
Reproduced from “Pathobiology of liver fibrosis: a translational success story”, Lee, Y.A.,
Wallace, M.C. and Friedman, S.L., 64, 830–841, 2015, with permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
Tsuchida, T. & Friedman, S. L. (2017) Mechanisms of hepatic stellate cell activation
Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. doi: /nrgastro