Science Biology Course Selection Guide

Science Biology Course Selection Guide
NAME ______________________________ Current Math Class ____________________ Chemistry Chemistry H Environmental Science Seminar in Science Sophomore Year _________________________________ Junior Year Senior Year

What two ways can organisms get energy? What is cellular respiration?
What is the energy source for Cellular Respiration? How much ATP is made during aerobic respiration?

Respiration Harvesting energy from glucose Heterotrophs ATP
Autotrophs – yes plants do this Two Types – Aerobic Anaerobic With O Without O2 ATP Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Aerobic Respiration * Opposite Reaction of Photosynthesis
6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O ATP * Opposite Reaction of Photosynthesis * Most efficient use of glucose * Completed in cytoplasm and mitochondria * 5 steps – Glycolysis, Acetyl CoA Formation, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport Chain, and Chemiosmosis Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

The Steps of Aerobic Respiration
Copyright ©2002 Thomson Learning, Inc Copyright ©2002 Thomson Learning, Inc

Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose O2 Lactate Ethanol Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcohol 2 ATP Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

ATP Glycolysis Respiration Figure: 8-CO Title:
Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Caption: With wings beating 60 times per second, the ruby-throated hummingbird has a metabolic rate 50 times that of a human. The muscles of its wings are packed with mitochondria, which supply the ATP needed to meet the bird's energy demands.

Your Rodent Prediction
Early Spring !

Glycolysis First step Aerobic and anaerobic Cytoplasm
Multistep process - 10 No Oxygen needed Glucose + 2ATP  2NADH + 4ATP + 2 Pyruvate C3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Do Now What is cellular respiration?
What molecule are we looking to gain from this? Why? What is aerobic cellular respiration? What is the first step of these reactions? Where does glycolysis occur??

Glycolysis Acetyl CoA Formation 2 Pyruvic Acid Pyruvate C3 2 H+
Electron Transport Chain Acetyl CoA Formation 4 ADP +4 P 2 NAD+ 2 ADP + 2P GLUCOSE C6 Glycolysis

2 G3P glucose 1 Glucose receives energy Activation Energy
Locks Glucose in Cell glucose-6-phosphate 2 Molecule is rearranged fructose-6-phosphate 3 Molecule is again energized Activation Energy fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 4 C6 molecule splits into two C3 Figure: E8-1 top Title: Glycolysis top DHAP G3P 5 Dihydroacetone phosphate rearranges into G3P 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 2 G3P

Pyruvate NOTE : All Steps Occur 2 Times 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 6
G3P adds electrons to NAD+ + H+ and bonds Phosphate using excess energy 2 P 2 2 2 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 7 One phosphate jumps to ATP 2 2 2 phosphoglycerate Figure: E8-1 bottom Title: Glycolysis bottom 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP 8 A second phosphate jumps to ATP 2 NOTE : All Steps Occur 2 Times 2 2 Pyruvate

If you were NADH and I was the cell…….
I’d let the ETC have you.

What type of high energy molecules does it make?
GLUCOSE ATP What is glycolysis? Where does it occur? What type of high energy molecules does it make? What final carbon chain product does it make?

Overview of Glycolysis
Glucose + 2ATP  2NADH + 4ATP + 2 Pyruvate 2 Net ATP Produced 2 High Energy NADH Produced 2 C3 Pyruvate Molecules Produced C3 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Decision Time! 2 Pyruvate C3 Oxygen No Oxygen
Acetyl CoA Formation Fermentation Krebs Cycle ETC Lactate Alcohol Chemiosmosis 36-38 ATP ATP Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Decision Aerobic MSOP Pyruvate moves into mitochondria
Up to 5000 per cell Double membrane bound Fluid filled Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

mitochondrion inner membrane intermembrane compartment outer membrane
matrix glucose cristae Figure :8-4 top Title: Cellular respiration top Caption: Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria, whose structure accommodates the compartmentalized reactions that occur there. Note that the glycolysis that precedes cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondrion in the cytoplasmic fluid. Glycolysis 2 pyruvate MATRIX (intermembrane compartment)

Acetyl CoA Formation Changing Pyruvate  Acetyl CoA
Occurs in Mitochondria Require Coenzyme A – Vitamin B5 Removes Carbon Dioxide Makes High Energy NADH Releases CO2 Makes C2 molecule Acetyl CoA Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Pantothenic Acid Vitamin B5 Co A Acetyl CoA
Cysteine Vit. B 5 ATP Wikipedia

DO NOT FORGET WHAT WE ARE DOING
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Pyruvate C3 Acetyl Co-A Formation Into Mitochondria CO2 NAD+ Co-A C2 Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain NOTE: Reaction occurs 2X as glucose produces 2 Pyruvates Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

X 2 Acetyl CoA Formation Pyruvate + CoA CO2 + NADH + Acetyl CoA
C C 2 Waste ETC Krebs Cycle X 2

Do Now What is the next step after glycolysis in AR?
What is pantothenic acid? What is Acetyl Co A? How many carbons does it have? Where did the other carbon go? What high energy molecule does Acetyl CoA formation make?

Krebs Cycle ETC 3rd step in aerobic respiration
Also called Citric Acid Cycle Takes Acetyl CoA  CO2 Harnesses energy: 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 ETC Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Do Now What enters into the Kreb’s Cycle?
How many of carbon from glucose is found in it? What does it first do? How does it release its carbon? What high energy molecule does it make?

X 2 Krebs Cycle Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
Acetyl Co-A C2 Krebs Cycle C4 Molecule Oxaloacetate C6 Molecule Citrate NAD+ CO2 C5 Molecule Alpha – Ketogluterate ADP + P Succinate FAD 3 NADH 1 FADH2 Electron Transport Chain X 2 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

The mitochondrial matrix reactions
Glycolysis C C C pyruvate CoA Formation of acetyl CoA NAD+ NADH C CO2 C C CoA acetyl CoA CoA H2O C C C C C oxaloacetate C C C C C citrate NADH Krebs cycle NAD+ C C C C C C isocitrate C C C C Figure: E8-3 Title: The mitochondrial matrix reactions malate NAD+ NADH C CO2 H2O C C C C C C C C C a-ketoglutarate fumarate NAD+ NADH C CO2 C C C C FADH2 ADP succinate FAD ATP H2O

Krebs Cycle Overview ETC 2 Acetyl CoA  4 CO2 2 ATP Product 6 NADH
2 FADH2 Product ETC Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

DO NOT FORGET WHAT WE ARE DOING

Glycolysis

Acetyl Co A Formation

Krebs Cycle

Totals So Far - 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36-38 ATP 2 ATP
Glycolysis Acetyl Co A Formation Krebs Cycle Totals So Far - 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O ATP 2 ATP 2 CO2 4 CO ATP Glycolysis Acetyl Co A Krebs Cycle Need to use O Need to make 6 H2O and 32 ATP Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Obj. Investigate the process of generating ATP from Glucose
Welcome Scholars – ETC Labs? Quiz Friday Test Next Thursday HW – Study for quiz 5

Welcome Scholars – ETC Labs? Quiz Friday Test Next Thursday HW – Study for quiz 3

What high energy molecules is the E.T.C. dealing with?
Where specifically did they come from? What is it doing with them? What is being pumped? What does this do to the mitochondria?

Electron Transport Chain
Used NADH and FADH2 Pumps H+ into intermembrane space Uses Chemiosmosis to produce ATP Uses O2 as electron acceptor Produces water 10 - NADH 2 - FADH2

The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis
ETC Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

(intermembrane compartment)
(matrix) FADH2 1/2 O2 + 2H+ NADH NAD+ FAD 2e– 2e– H2O electron carriers (inner membrane) Figure :8-6 Title: The electron transport chain of mitochondria Caption: 1 NADH and FADH2 donate their energetic electrons to the carriers of the transport chain. 2 As the electrons pass through the transport chain, some of their energy is used to pump hydrogen ions from the matrix into the intermembrane compartment. This creates a hydrogen ion gradient that is used to drive ATP synthesis. 3 At the end of the electron transport chain, the energy-depleted electrons combine with oxygen and hydrogen ions in the matrix to form water. Question How would the rate of ATP production be affected by the absence of oxygen? H+ H+ H+ energy to drive ATP synthesis (intermembrane compartment)

H+ ADP ATP (low H+ concentration) H+ H+ H+ (high H+ H+ concentration)
Figure: 8-UN5 Title: ATP synthesis in the mitochondria

ETC + CHEMIOSMOSIS

Aerobic Respiration Tally Sheet
2ATP + 6O2 + C6H12O CO2 + 6H2O ATP Glycolysis Acetyl Co A Formation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chemiosmosis Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

intermembrane compartment inner membrane outer membrane matrix cristae
mitochondrion inner membrane outer membrane matrix glucose cristae Glycolysis 2 pyruvate coenzyme A (intermembrane compartment) ATP ATP H+ acetyl CoA Figure :8-4 Title: Cellular respiration Caption: Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria, whose structure accommodates the compartmentalized reactions that occur there. Note that the glycolysis that precedes cellular respiration occurs outside the mitochondrion in the cytoplasmic fluid. CO2 (cytoplasm) H+ H+ ADP ATP Krebs cycle H+ (inner membrane) H2O 1/2 O2 H+ 2e– H+ 2 H+ H+ (matrix) H+ energized electron carriers Electron transport chain CO2 2e– (outer membrane) depleted carriers Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Polyunsaturated oleic acid Linseed oil (unsaturated) Figure: 3-UN6
Title: Unsaturated fat Linseed oil (unsaturated)

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis)
Food, such as peanuts Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids Amino groups Glucose G3P Pyruvate Acetyl CoA CITRIC ACID CYCLE ATP GLYCOLYSIS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Amino Acid Basic Structure
Rest of Molecule variable group R H O Amino Group Carboxyl Group N C C H O H H Figure: 3-UN7 Title: Amino acid structure hydrogen Amino Acid Basic Structure

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION (Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis)
Food, such as peanuts Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids Amino groups Glucose G3P Pyruvate Acetyl CoA CITRIC ACID CYCLE ATP GLYCOLYSIS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Urine Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.

Welcome Scholars Agenda – Baby Lab Quiz Friday – Your decision? Test NEXT THURSDAY HW – Chapter 8 1

Agenda Flea Dip Lab Doctors you can do this…….. think!

Coronary Artery Disease Artherosclerosis

Heart Attack Myocardial Infarction

Warning Signs Warning Signs

Prevention Eat a healthy diet Maintain a healthy weight
Exercise regularly Do not smoke Know your cholesterol levels Know your blood pressure

Statistics Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women in the United States. In 2006, 315,930 women died from it.1 Heart disease killed 26% of the women who died in 2006—more than one in every four.1 36% of women did not perceive themselves to be at risk for heart disease in a 2005 survey.2 Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women of most racial/ethnic groups in the United States, including African Americans, American Indians or Alaska Natives, Hispanics, and whites. For Asian American women, heart disease is second only to cancer.3 Almost two-thirds of the women who die suddenly of coronary heart disease have no previous symptoms.4

Where does pyruvate go to be further decomposed? What is Coenzyme A?
What products are made during Acetyl CoA formation? Where does Acetyl CoA go to be further decomposed?

Do Now How does your body digest carbohydrates? Lipids? Proteins?
Do you need completely separate pathways to digest PB + J? Describe fermentation.

Fermentation Figure :8-3 part b right Title: Fermentation part b right
Caption: (b) Bread rises as CO2 is liberated by fermenting yeast, which converts glucose to ethanol. The dough on the left rose to the level on the right in a few hours. Question Some species of bacteria use aerobic respiration and other species use anaerobic (fermenting) respiration. In an oxygen-rich environment, would either type be at a competitive advantage? What about in an oxygen-poor environment?

No Oxygen Available Cell Runs Out of NAD+ C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
(cytoplasm) glucose Glycolysis 2 ATP C C C 2 2 C C C lactate pyruvate or 2 C C + 2 C Figure :8-1 top Title: A summary of glucose metabolism top Caption: Refer to this diagram as we progress through the reactions of glycolysis (in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm) and cellular respiration (in the mitochondria). The breakdown of glucose occurs in stages, with energy captured in ATP along the way. Most ATP is produced in the mitochondria. Fermentation ethanol CO2 C 2 CO2 No Oxygen Available Cell Runs Out of NAD+

Glycolysis followed by alcoholic fermentation
regeneration NAD+ NADH NADH NAD+ 2 C C C C C C C C C 2 C C + 2 C (glycolysis) (fermentation) Figure: 8-UN2 Title: Glycolysis followed by alcoholic fermentation glucose pyruvate ethanol CO2 2 ADP 2 ATP

Glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation
regeneration NADH NAD+ NAD+ NADH 2 C C C 2 C C C C C C C C C (glycolysis) (fermentation) Figure: 8-UN1 Title: Glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation glucose pyruvate lactate 2 ADP 2 ATP

2 ATP Glycolysis 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 Pyruvic Acid Pyruvate
Lactic Acid - Lactate 2CH3CHOHCOOH 2 NADH Ethyl Alcohol Ethanol 2C2H5OH 2NADH Acetyladehydes 2CO2

Project Thoughts Function of organ / cell Structure of organ / cell
How cell accomplishes function What makes the cell different? Full citations ON NOTECARDS IN YOUR HANDWRITING TEST GRADE DUE 02/23

Do Now How many electron carriers are formed during AR?
Where do they drop off their electrons? What do the cytochrome proteins of the electron transport chain do with their energy? What does the buildup of hydrogen ions (Protons) cause in the mitochondria? What is done with the electrical potential?

Do Now What molecule enters the Kreb’s cycle? What does it bond to?
How much NADH is made per cycle? How many FADH2? How many ATP? How much carbon from glucose is left at the end of the Krebs cycle?

Last Day Of Research Use Library computers Use Textbooks
Use Library resources Keep track of sources Focus on: Cell Function Cell Structure How the cell completes its task

Welcome Scholars Agenda – TEST CE TONIGHT Project Due 02/23 – Questions? HW –CE + Start Chapter 4 3

Welcome Scholars Agenda – Library Then Lab Project Due 02/23 – Questions? CE Tonight HW – Start Chapter 4 4

Welcome Scholars Agenda – TEST Project Due 02/23 – Questions? CE Tonight Take out HW – CE + START CHAPTER 4 6

Welcome Scholars Agenda TEST Project Due 02/23 CE TONIGHT HW –CE 9

WWTGITTA ?

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