1. Part Five Brick & Block Dr Saad A Salih
Building Materials
Part Five
Brick & Block
Dr Saad A Salih

2. Part Five Brick & Block 1-Bricks [ الطابوق او الطوب ] :
It is a building unit with three dimensions . Its Length is a little bit more than twice its width* to be easy to use in the bonding and easy to carry, give and whip.
It is made of
Calcium oxide and sand. This called Lime / Sand Bricks.
concrete and called Concrete Bricks.
Glass and called Glass Bricks.
Dried, fixed, or burned clay and called Clay Bricks.

4. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
brief History:
Industry of the clay brick is old and developed a lot .so after that form of mud brick dried on the sun in the Acadian era, the soil improved which enters its industry in so its form be organized and used the fire in burning the mud (Libbin) (as it was in the Babylonian era) then development taken place in the industry in the Arabic & Islamic eras, brick became good enough to be used for the decoration and carving [alriyaza].

6. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
The important reasons that this industry abounded and improved are:
1.the existence and aboundance of the initial or rudimentary substances.
2. Then that operation industry of the brick was manual for a long period and required no high skill labor .

7. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
The initial or rudimentary substances:
The clay brick industrialized from the clay sedimentations alluvial widespread , exists in aspects of incompact layers from the clay alluvial and sand, consequently digging and grubbing is easy. The physical and chemical component changed according to the depth of the soil. In addition to the essential substances (clay ,the alluvium, and the sand),

8. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
there are salts able to melt in the water (in a ratio of %) changes according to depth of the soil and the site the soil taken from.
There are salts, other than melting in the water salts, (such as lime and plaster) mixed with the clay and the sand. These salts if existed in a large quantities and ratios caused problems of crumbling of the bricks or burned bricks when water touching them.
Already some corrective measures, for the other than good soil, taken place such as , grinding, puncturing, washing and isolation of the organic substances, and the addition of the sand in ratios designating for modification formative ratios.

9. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
1.1.2.Clay Brick Industry:
Brick manufacturing includes the following operations:
Preparation of the dirt or soil.
Preparation of the clay, it’s squeezing, and kneading.
Cutting of the clay.
Drying the clay.
Dried burn the clay.
The transportation and marketing.

10. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
The main manufacturing methods:
a - manual (old) method : in this method the soil prepared and the water added then the squeezing and kneading of the soil by hands followed until the soil becomes homogeneous and sticky and division be possible manually into the requested form or shackles. Then the land for the drying prepared . The Brick Drying Depends on several factors such as heat of the atmosphere, the humidity, the winds, and land absorption.

11. The colour of bricks depended on the type of clay used.
The raw ingredients of brick are sand, clay and water. mixed either by hand or by animals driving a heavy roller around a mixing pit
3. Clay cut using a crook hold
1. Placed in wooden mould (a strike)and smoothed down
2. Clay rolled in sand to prevent it sticking to the mould
5. Hand made brick
4. Clay removed from mould
The colour of bricks depended on the type of clay used.

12. Kilns
Charcoal_Kilns_California
_brickmaker_at_kiln_near_Ngcobo

13. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
After dryness of the clay it moves to the forges or the ground ovens which uses rudimental fuel for burning, after that the brick is accepted for the constructional purposes
b- semi- mechanical method: In this method Preparation of the soil, preparation of the clay, it’s squeezing and kneading, and the cutting of the clay, all done mechanically. As for dehydration so similar method to that used in the old methods is use. As for the burning operation it occurs in so tall ovens and rudimental fuel is used.

16. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
c- the modern mechanical method : The complete operation: preparation of the soil and preparation of the clay and the brick division and cutting is done mechanically. As for the drying so done mechanically inside tunnels contain the steam and the hot gases resulting from operation of the burn. Burning Operation occurs inside rectangular tunnel ovens. Inside these ovens continuously moving vehicles carrying dried clay ,for a homogeneous burning.
This completely mechanical operation, the brick production can be all year round.

17. Brick making steps Step 1 ((Brick
1. Crushing—Grinding—Sifting—Mixing
((Brick
WHATEVER THE DESIRED SHAPE OR MANUFACTURING METHOD, MAKING BRICK DEPENDS ON ONE THING: THE ALCHEMY OF SHALE, CLAY, WATER, AND FIRE.))

18. Brick making steps – Step 2
2. Machine Molding—Hand Molding—Extrusion

19. Brick making steps – Step 3
WHATEVER THE DESIRED SHAPE OR MANUFACTURING METHOD, MAKING BRICK DEPENDS ON ONE THING: THE ALCHEMY OF SHALE, CLAY, WATER, AND FIRE.))
3. Firing
Dried bricks head for the 400-foot-long kilns

20. Kilns – mechanical method

21. Kilns – mechanical method

23. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
Brick Classification
Clay Bricks can be classified according to :
1. Manufacturing process: Manual or hand made, semi-mechanical, and mechanical.
2. Colour : Red, Yellow, white ..etc. This resultant from one of the factors related to soil components, or thermal processing quality and its period. Indeed the color already reverse or represent some physical specifications such as bearing strength or the absorption.

24. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
3.Solidity and hardness: Solid or Hardened , perforated, or Hollow superior degrees of the strength and the endurance available in the hard brick .
The reason of the perforation of the brick is complete lightening of the weight and the additional thermal isolation and improvement of the connection or the lines in addition to the economy in the substances and costs of the drying and burning.

25. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
4. The size and dimensions:
- Size and dimensions of the tile brick ['alfrshy] (25*25*6.2 cm) and uses in the partitions , flooring works, and fit for carving and ornaments (alryaaza).
the shallow brick (20*20*5) used as a roof cover of finishing because of its light weight , good heat isolation, and weather change endurance.
The regular or normal brick (25*11.5*7.5 cm) used in building foundation, walls, and in some roofing structure and many other uses.

26. regular or normal bricks

27. tile brick 25*25*6.2 cm

29. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
The Brick Physical Characteristics:
The characteristics of good bricks is that it should be solid strong and difficult to break, and not crumbling in water, have sharp edges and upright angles with parallel faces
- that is including no strange substances ,have the homogeneous segment, all the bricks in one color and one size , smooth and have lustrous faces. Bricks Dimensions should be within the standard allowed (- 4 mm for the length, 2 mm for the remainder 0f dimensions)

30. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
- ratio of the salts less from 0.5% of the weight
- porous does not increase more than 23% and the modified average of absorption %
- Average thermal isolation (K value) In borders 1,0 for the perforated brick, and this counts accepted, and 1,5 for the remainder and this is not acceptable.

31. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
- ½ brick wall provide fireproof resistance in borders of 2 hours and becomes 4 in plastering the wall, as for the one brick wall(Thickness) the wall fire resistance becomes 6 hours .
- wall of the brick provide good sound isolations (and especially the moved sound in the air) suits the density of the brick and its thickness..
½ brick wall with finishing or plastering provides sound insulation of decibel , and one brick wall (thickness) provide sound insulation of dc.

32. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
The bricks defects : There are many brick defects such as :
Lack uniformity of dimensions: The important reasons of the dimensions deformations are:
- The cutting devices are old,
- not providing the required pressure
- or lack of withdrawal of the air from the mold or template,
-Or the clay kneading operation incomplete and other than homogeneous.

33. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
The deformed dimensions affect the setting of the building in general and increases the cutting and breaking of bricks, and increases the use of building bonding materials. This weakening the strength of the building construction, and considered as a waste of initial substances and finishing materials.

34. Brick & Block Bricks - Clay Bricks
Efflorescence [التزهر] and the exfoliation[التقشر] : The used soil in the brick industry, specially that taken from depths of the soil, contains high ratio of sulfate salts, the chlorides and the nitrates (especially sulphur of the calcium, or sulfate of the calcium, the magnesium and sulfate of the potassium, and sodium sulfate melted in water).
The burn operation forms sedimentations of white crystalline, intervene little below- external surface of the brick. Most of these sedimentations produced from the sulfates.

35. Efflorescence sometimes appear in brown color (for presence of Ferro-sulfate) or yellow (for presence of cadmium salts), or that is light green because of salts of the chrome, with low-solubility.
The Efflorescence results also from concentrating gases of the burn, So, the calcium and magnesium carbonate, that have low-solubility in the water, does not move to the surface of the brick during the drying, and the part present near the surface interact with the formative acids present in gas of the chlorine and the Efflorescence results.

36. For the part present inside the brick interacts forming the sulfates which appears in the building. The Efflorescence results from the use of salted water (specially the deep underground waters that is saturated with salt). That salts when crystallized they swells and extends, and all this happened behind surface of the brick, (specially in the bad burning bricks), so this causes in bricks peeling and breakdown.

37. The Efflorescence distorts the external appearance of the bricks and causes pushing and breakage of finishing substances used in the interior and external walls of the building This also has a great effect on the bonding materials used and causes swelling. This causes weak and easy to break structure.