1. China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976

2. Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
Recovery and Socialism ( )
Rethinking the Soviet model ( )
Great Leap Forward ( )
Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution ( )

3. Anti-Japanese War ( )

4. Civil War (1946 – 1949) GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)
Chiang Kai-shek (President)
CCP: Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong

5. “War of Liberation”

6. Mao Zedong Thought A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”
imperialism
feudalism
bureaucrat-capitalism
A “United Front” of …
workers
peasants
petty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

7. People’s Republic of China
, PRC, Beijing
Chairman: Mao Zedong
5-Star Red Flag
Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

8. Economic Reconstruction 1950s
Soviet Union model and assistance
land reform (eliminate landlord class)
heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
First National People’s Congress (1954)
PRC Constitution
Zhou Enlai
Premier
Foreign Minister

9. First Five Year Plan –
Mao wanted China to “walk on two legs” – develop both agriculture and industry at the same time
Soviet Union assisted with $300 million and 10,000 Russian engineers
Targeted the development of heavy industry: coal, steel, chemicals, automobile, and transport

10. Effects of the First Five Year Plan
Failure to meet the targets established by The National Resource Committee was the equivalent of failing China
Overall industrial output increased 15.5% per year (faster than the target of 14.7%)
However, less people worked on farms, so food production increased at an average of 2% per year, compared to 14% from

11. Hundred Flowers Campaign (1957)
Mao indicated his supposed willingness to consider different opinions about how China should be governed
Given the freedom to express themselves, the Chinese began opposing the Communist Party and questioning its leadership

12. Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957 & 59)
This was initially tolerated and even encouraged. However, after a few months, Mao's government reversed its policy
They persecuted those who criticized, and were alleged to have criticized, the Party
This was called The Anti-Rightist Campaign

13. Results of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
700,000 intellectuals were thrown out of their positions and professions
In every factory, 5% of the workers had to be denounced as “rightists”
All were sent to the countryside for reform – many died of malnutrition, illness, cold, overwork, and accidents doing unfamiliar jobs
Some were executed or committed suicide

14. 2nd Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)
abandon the Soviet model of economic development
Soviet “scientific planning”
mass mobilization
people’s communes

15. Great Leap Forward – Second Five Year Plan (1958-1962)
Collectivization became the official policy. China’s land was divided into 70,000 communes
He hoped that it would help unemployment and cause a genuine communal unity
He accused peasants of hiding grain and used force against them
The food would be traded for money to buy weapons or used for fuel

16. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry
agricultural and human disaster

17. Results of the Great Leap Forward
38 million died of:
Being worked to death
Others were killed, tortured, or imprisoned
Famine (the average daily calorie intake was 1,534.8 for men and 1,200 for women – Aushwitz got between 1,300-1,700 calories per day)
Heavy industry developed (although it was still behind most large industrial countries)
Agriculture lagged behind

18. Results of the Great Leap Forward
Agriculture failed because:
Unscientific agricultural methods were used
There was a shortage of agricultural labor because of peasants working on industrial projects
The peasants disliked losing their private lots
Natural disasters – droughts and floods
Peasants didn’t work hard because grain was taken from them

19. Results of the Great Leap Forward
As a result of the failure on the Great Leap Forward, Mao retired from the post of chairman of the People's Republic of China
His place as head of state was taken by Liu Shaoqi, but Mao remained important in determining overall policy

20. Growing Division ( )
Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

21. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
commitment to revolution and “class struggle”
power struggle to succeed Mao
Phase I: the rise and fall of “red guards”
Phase II: the rise and fall of Lin Biao
Phase III: the rise and fall of the “Gang of Four”

22. Phase I: Red Guards ( )

23. Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69) Purge of party cadres
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
Purge of intellectuals

24. Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71) the putative successor to Mao Zedong
the cult of personality around Mao
In 1971 Lin allegedly tried but failed
to assassinate Mao
to flee to Soviet Union (“9.13”)
“9.13” eroded the credibility
of the entire leadership
of the Cultural Revolution

25. Phase III: the “Gang of Four”
1972 – 1976
power struggle between
the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wife
the “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai
the fate of Deng Xiaoping

26. Diplomatic Breakthrough
1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

27. Diplomatic Breakthrough
1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

28. Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era
“Gang of Four” were arrested
End of the Cultural Revolution

29. Mao’s legacies

30. Reforms and Opening up
The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978
Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy
economic modernization became focus
US-PRC diplomatic relations in 1979