1. Inferential Statistics and Probability a Holistic Approach
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Inferential Statistics and Probability a Holistic Approach
Chapter 1
Displaying and Analyzing Data with Graphs
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© Maurice Geraghty 2008

2. Introduction Green Sheet – Homework 0 Projects Computer Lab – S44
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Introduction
Green Sheet – Homework 0
Projects
Computer Lab – S44
Minitab
Website
Tutor Lab - S43 (S41 for MPS)
Drop in or assigned tutors – get form from lab.
Group Tutoring
Other Questions
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

3. Descriptive Statistics
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Descriptive Statistics
Organizing, summarizing and displaying data
Graphs
Charts
Measure of Center
Measures of Spread
Measures of Relative Standing
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

4. Problem Solving The Role of Probability Modeling Simulation
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Problem Solving
The Role of Probability
Modeling
Simulation
Verification
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

5. Inferential Statistics
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Inferential Statistics
Population – the set of all measurements of interest to the sample collector
Sample – a subset of measurements selected from the population
Inference – A conclusion about the population based on the sample
Reliability – Measure the strength of the Inference
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

6. Raw Data – Apple Monthly Adjusted Stock Price: 12/1999 to 12/2016
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Raw Data – Apple Monthly Adjusted Stock Price: 12/1999 to 12/2016
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

7. Apple – Adjusted Stock Price 17 Years
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Apple – Adjusted Stock Price 17 Years
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

8. Crime Rate In the last 18 years, has violent crime: Increased?
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Crime Rate
In the last 18 years, has violent crime:
Increased?
Stayed about the Same?
Decreased?
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

9. Perception – Gallup Poll
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Perception – Gallup Poll
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

10. Reality - Reported Violent Crime Rate (Source: US Justice Department)
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Reality - Reported Violent Crime Rate (Source: US Justice Department)
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

11. Line Graph - Crime and Lead
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Line Graph - Crime and Lead
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

12. Pie Chart - What do you think of your College roommate?
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Pie Chart - What do you think of your College roommate?
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

13. Bar Chart - Health Care Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

14. Distorting the truth with Statistics
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Distorting the truth with Statistics
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

15. Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Nuclear, Oil and Coal Energy Deaths per terawatt-hour produced source: thebigfuture.com
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

16. Should Police wear Body Cameras?
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Should Police wear Body Cameras?
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

17. Increase in Debt since 1999 Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

18. Most Popular Websites for College Students in 2007
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Most Popular Websites for College Students in 2007
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

19. Decline of MySpace Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

20. Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

21. Types of Data Qualitative Quantitative Non-numeric Always categorical
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Types of Data
Qualitative
Non-numeric
Always categorical
Quantitative
Numeric
Categorical numbers are actually qualitative
Continuous or discrete
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

22. Types of Data

23. Levels of Data Measurement
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Levels of Data Measurement
Nominal: Names or labels only
Example: What city do you live in?
Ordinal: Data can be ranked, but no quantifiable difference.
Example: Ratings Excellent, Good, Fair, Poor
Interval: Data can be ranked with quantifiable differences, but no true zero.
Example: Temperature
Ratio: Data can be ranked with quantifiable differences and there is a true zero.
Example: Age
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

24. Levels of Data Measurement

25. Examples of Data Distance from De Anza College
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Examples of Data
Distance from De Anza College
Number of Grandparents still alive
Eye Color
Amount you spend on food each week.
Number of Facebook “Friends”
Zip Code
City you live in.
Year of Birth
How to prepare Steak? (rare, medium, well-done)
Do you drive to De Anza?
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

26. Data Collection Personal – individual interviews
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Data Collection
Personal – individual interviews
Phone – voice and automated
Impersonal Survey – Internet or Mail
Direct Observation – measurements
Scientific Studies – control for lurking variables
Observational Studies – difficult to establish a cause and effect relationship.
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

27. Sampling Random Sampling Systematic Sampling Stratified Sampling
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Sampling
Random Sampling
Each member of the population has the same chance of being sampled.
Systematic Sampling
The sample is selected by taking every kth member of the population.
Stratified Sampling
The population is broken into more homogenous subgroups (strata) and a random sample is taken from each strata.
Cluster Sampling
Divide population into smaller clusters, randomly select some clusters and sample each member of the selected clusters.
Convenience Sampling
Self selected and non-scientific methods which are prone to extreme bias.
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

28. Graphical Methods Stem and Leaf Chart Grouped data Pie Chart Histogram
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Graphical Methods
Stem and Leaf Chart
Grouped data
Pie Chart
Histogram
Ogive
Grouping data
Example
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

29. Graphing Categorical Data
A sample of 500 adults (age 18 and over) from Santa Clara County, California were taken from the year 2000 United States Census.

30. Graphing Categorical Data
n = sample size - The number of observations in your sample size.
Frequency - the number of times a particular value is observed.
Relative frequency - The proportion or percentage of times a particular value is observed.
Relative Frequency = Frequency / n

31. Graphing Categorical Data
A sample of 500 adults (age 18 and over) from Santa Clara County, California were taken from the year 2000 United States Census.

32. Bar Graph of Categorical Data

33. Daily Minutes spent on the Internet by 30 students
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Daily Minutes spent on the Internet by 30 students
102 71
103
105
109
124
104
116 97 99
108
112 85
107 86
118
122 67 87 78
101 82 95
100
125 92
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

34. Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Stem and Leaf Graph
6 7
7 18
11 268
12 245
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

35. Back-to-back Example Passenger loading times for two airlines
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Back-to-back Example
Passenger loading times for two airlines
11, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 24, 24, 26,
31, 32, 38, 39
8, 11, 13, 14,
15, 16, 16, 18,
19, 19, 21, 21,
22, 24, 26, 31
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

36. Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Back to Back Example 8
1 4 1
1 3 4
6 7 9 2 6
1 2 3
8 9
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

37. Grouping Data Choose the number of groups between 5 and 10 is best
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Grouping Data
Choose the number of groups
between 5 and 10 is best
Interval Width = (Range+1)/(Number of Groups)
Round up to a convenient value
Start with lowest value and create the groups.
Example – for 5 categories Interval Width = (58+1)/5 = 12 (rounded up)
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

38. Grouping Data Class Interval Frequency Relative Cumulative 66.5-78.5 3
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Grouping Data
Class Interval
Frequency
Relative
Cumulative 3
.100 5
.167
.267 8
.266
.533 9
.300
.833
1.000
Total 30
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

39. Histogram – Graph of Frequency or Relative Frequency
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Histogram – Graph of Frequency or Relative Frequency
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

40. Dot Plot – Graph of Frequency
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Dot Plot – Graph of Frequency
© Maurice Geraghty 2008

41. Ogive – Graph of Cumulative Relative Frequency
Math 10 - Chapter 1 & 2 Slides
Ogive – Graph of Cumulative Relative Frequency
© Maurice Geraghty 2008