1. Third Asia-Pacific NIS Forum Diagnosis of NIS and Development of STI Strategies in the Open Innovation Framework 8-9 April 2015, Bangkok, Thailand Measuring Science, Technology and Innovation and STI indicators: an overview of current approaches
Mr. N. Srinivasan
Coordinator, Science, Technology and Innovation,
Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT)
of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), New Delhi, India

2. Plan of Presentation Measuring of STI
Current Approaches to STI indicators
- R&D Indicators (UNESCAP Statistical Year Book)
- Global Innovation Index
- OECD Science Industry Scoreboard 2013
- OECD Measuring of STI indicators
- 3C/3A Approach

3. Plan of Presentation Measuring of STI
- Required for evidence-based STI policy making and its governance
- Developed over a period of time dominated by economic and business settings (GDP, FDI, Export & Import, R&D expenditure and others)
- Need for balanced STI-based development of three pillars of sustainable development (Economy, Society and Environment)

4. Plan of Presentation Major Components of NIS Framework and Strategies
- STI infrastructure; skilled human resources; international and national linkages and partnerships among academia, R&D institutions and industries; technology and innovation financing; small and medium-sized enterprises; and major manufacturing industrial sectors, technology intermediaries etc.
Challenges for developing countries
- Methodology (UNESCO, UNCTAD, OECD, WIPO, World Bank and others ; institutional capacity; inadequate national STI data; lack of knowledge about scattered data across national ministries and institutions and others)

5. UNESCAP Statistical Database Indicators of Research and Development
Source: UNESCAP Statistical Database (

6. UNESCAP Statistical Database Indicators of Research and Development
Source: UNESCAP Statistical Database (

7. UNESCAP Statistical Database Indicators of Research and Development
Source: UNESCAP Statistical Database (

8. UNESCAP Statistical Database Indicators of Research and Development
Source: UNESCAP Statistical Database (

9. UNESCAP Statistical Database Indicators of Research and Development
Source: UNESCAP Statistical Database (

10. Global Innovation index
1 Institutions
2 Human capital and research
3 Infrastructure
4 Market sophistication
5 Business sophistication
6 Knowledge and technology outputs
7 Creative outputs
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

11. Global Innovation index
1 Institutions
1.1 Political environment
1.1.1 Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism
1.1.2 Government effectiveness
1.1.3 Press freedom
1.2 Regulatory environment
1.2.1 Regulatory quality
1.2.2 Rule of law
1.2.3 Cost of redundancy dismissal
1.3 Business environment
1.3.1 Ease of starting a business
1.3.2 Ease of resolving insolvency
1.3.3 Ease of paying taxes
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

12. Global Innovation index
2 Human capital and research
2.1 Education
2.1.1 Expenditure on education
2.1.2 Government expenditure on education per pupil, secondary
2.1.3 School life expectancy
2.1.4 Assessment in reading, mathematics, and science
2.1.5 Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary
2.2 Tertiary education
2.2.1 Tertiary enrolment
2.2.2 Graduates in science and engineering
2.2.3 Tertiary inbound mobility
2.3 Research and development (R&D)
2.3.1 Researchers
2.3.2 Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD)
2.3.3 QS university ranking average score of top 3 universities
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

13. Global Innovation index
3 Infrastructure
3.1 Information and communication technologies (ICTs)
3.1.1 ICT access
3.1.2 ICT use
3.1.3 Government's online service
3.1.4 Online e-participation
3.2 General infrastructure
3.2.1 Electricity output
3.2.2 Logistics performance
3.2.3 Gross capital formation
3.3 Ecological sustainability
3.3.1 GDP per unit of energy use
3.3.2 Environmental performance
3.3.3 ISO environmental certificates
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

14. Global Innovation index
4 Market sophistication
4.1 Credit
4.1.1 Ease of getting credit
4.1.2 Domestic credit to private sector
4.1.3 Microfinance institutions' gross loan portfolio
4.2 Investment
4.2.1 Ease of protecting investors
4.2.2 Market capitalization
4.2.3 Total value of stocks traded
4.2.4 Venture capital deals
4.3 Trade and competition
4.3.1 Applied tariff rate, weighted mean
4.3.2 Market access for non-agricultural exports
4.3.3 Intensity of local competition
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

15. Global Innovation index
5 Business sophistication
5.1 Knowledge workers
5.1.1 Employment in knowledge-intensive services
5.1.2 Firms offering formal training
5.1.3 GERD performed by business enterprise (% of GDP)
5.1.4 GERD financed by business enterprise (% of GERD)
5.1.5 GMAT test takers
5.2 Innovation linkages
5.2.1 University/industry research collaboration
5.2.2 State of cluster development
5.2.3 GERD financed by abroad
5.2.4 Joint venture/strategic alliance deals
5.2.5 Patent families filed in at least three offices
5.3 Knowledge absorption
5.3.1 Royalties and license fees payments (% of total trade)
5.3.2 High-tech imports
5.3.3 Communications, computer and information services imports, % total trade
5.3.4 Foreign direct investment net inflows
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

16. Global Innovation index
6 Knowledge and technology outputs
6.1 Knowledge creation
6.1.1 National office resident patent applications
6.1.2 Patent Cooperation Treaty resident applications
6.1.3 National office resident utility model applications
6.1.4 Scientific and technical publications
6.1.5 Citable documents H index
6.2 Knowledge impact
6.2.1 Growth rate of GDP per person engaged
6.2.2 New business density
6.2.3 Total computer software spending
6.2.4 ISO 9001 quality certificates
6.2.5 High-tech and medium-high-tech outpurt
6.3 Knowledge diffusion
6.3.1 Royalties and license fees receipts (% total trade)
6.3.2 High-tech exports
6.3.3 Communications, computer and information services exports, % total trade
6.3.4 Foreign direct investment net outflows
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

17. Global Innovation index
7 Creative outputs
7.1 Intangible assets
7.1.1 National office resident trademark applications
7.1.2 Madrid system trademark applications by country of origin
7.1.3 ICTs and business model creation
7.1.4 ICTs and organizational model creation
7.2 Creative goods and services
7.2.1 Cultural and creative services exports, % total trade
7.2.2 National feature films produced
7.2.3 Global entertainment and media output
7.2.4 Printing and publishing output
7.2.5 Creative goods exports
7.3 Online creativity
7.3.1 Generic top-level domains (gTLDs)
7.3.2 Country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs)
7.3.3 Wikipedia monthly edits
7.3.4 Video uploads on YouTube
Source: Global Innovation Index (GII) 2014 Database
( )

18. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

19. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

20. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

21. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

22. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

23. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

24. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

25. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

26. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

27. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

28. OECD Science and Industry Scoreboard 2013

29. OECD Measuring of STI Indicators
Gross Domestic Expenditure of R & D – GERD:
In national currency, as a percentage of GDP and per capita population.
Percentage of GERD:
Financed by Industry, government, other national sources and abroad and performed by the business enterprise sector, higher education sector and government sector.
Total Researchers:
Compound annual growth rate, per thousand labour force, per thousand total employment, women researchers as percentage of total researchers, in the business enterprise sector, in the government sector and in the higher education sector.
Total R & D personnel:
Compound annual growth rate, per thousand labour force and per thousand total employment.
Business Enterprise Expenditure on R & D:
In national currency, as a percentage of GDP, at constant price and PPP, compound annual growth rate, as a percentage of value added in industry, in the aerospace industry, in the pharmaceutical industry, in the computer, electronic and optical industry and financed by industry, government, other national sources and abroad.

30. OECD Measuring of STI Indicators
Higher Education Expenditure on R & D in national currency, as a percentage of GDP, at Constant price and PPP, compound annual growth rate.
Government Intramural Expenditure on R & D in national currency, as a percentage of GDP, at constant prices and PPP, compound annual growth and percentage funded by industry.
Total Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D.
Number of patent applications.
Number of patents in the ICT sector.
Technology balance of payments in terms of payments and payments as a percentage of GERD.
Export market share of computer, electronic and optical industries.
Total imports and exports of computer, electronic and optical industries.

31. 3C/3A Approach
Developed by STEPI, Korea in cooperation and partnership with APCTT-ESCAP
Desk research on macro economic conditions, one-to-one interview of key national NIS stakeholders, questionnaire survey and STI stakeholders engagement (Nepal and Lao PDR Reports)
3C Diagnosis
Componentization
Identification of major components of system weakness and bottlenecks in a holistic viewpoint, statistically described and overview of symptoms of a system.
Contextualization
Structurised and heuristic understanding of identified components in the context of system dynamics with several rounds of deepening diagnosis process.
Synthesized diagnosis that provides a plausible explanation of the structural problems of system that leads to consensus among stake-holders by having common understanding of system weaknesses and bottlenecks.
Conceptualization
3A Prescription
Articulation of Action-oriented, Actor based Policies.

32. Thank you E-mail : srinivasann@un.org