1. What Japan should learn from the United States*
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What Japan should learn from the United States
Masayasu AOTANI
The International Center
Kyoto University
2018/11/18 *

2. Internationalization and Higher Education*
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Internationalization and Higher Education
Strategies for Tomorrow 1
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3. An Overview of This Presentation*
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An Overview of This Presentation
American v.s. Japanese
Comparing Higher Education
Internationalization of Japan 2
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4. Two Diametrically Different Societies and Cultures - one*
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Two Diametrically Different Societies and Cultures - one
USA Japan
Value differences
Verbal communication
Immigrants
Multi-racial
Competition
Specialists
Avoid differences
Nonverbal communication
Generations in Japan
Mono-racial
Cooperation and harmony
Generalists (education, employment) 3
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5. Two Diametrically Different Societies and Cultures - two*
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Two Diametrically Different Societies and Cultures - two
USA Japan
Winner takes all. (has to be in the first place)
Individuals
More resources
Dislike authority
Localized politics
Shared (shared merit payment, diligence bonus)
Groups
More resourceful
Respects authority
Centralized politics 4
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6. *
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In The Beginning
US institutions were founded and funded by people to educate their children.
Japanese national universities were founded and funded by the government. 5
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7. A Typical US Institution*
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A Typical US Institution 6 *

8. 7 Differences The board members are complete laymen.*
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Differences
The board members are complete laymen.
The Board of Regents selects the president.
A president can be brought in from outside.
Administration - Regular faculty dichotomy
Department of Education does not rule over the university. 7
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9. 8 Professors USA Japan Individuals 9-month employment Tenure decision*
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Professors
USA Japan
Individuals
9-month employment
Tenure decision
Regular employees
Research and teaching
Sabbatical year
Pyramid
12-month employment
Lifetime employment
Managers
Nonacademic duties
No sabbatical year 8
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10. 9 Research USA Japan Individuals Get a grant or else*
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Research
USA Japan
Individuals
Get a grant or else
Blind funding decision
Salary from grants
Research assistants
Postdoctoral fellows
Research groups
Some automatic funding
Name and connection
Fixed salary
Graduate students
Free labor 9
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11. Teaching and Learning - one*
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Teaching and Learning - one
USA Japan
Interested professors
Friendly professors
Interesting lectures
Regular office hours
Complete syllabus
Indifferent professors
Authoritative professors
Uninteresting lectures
No set office hours
No syllabus 10
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12. Teaching and Learning - two*
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Teaching and Learning - two
USA Japan
Weekly homework
Discussion sessions
Hour-long lectures
Extra resources
No regular homework
No discussion sessions
90-minute lectures
No such resources 11
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13. 12 Extra Resources Graders and teaching assistants help professors.*
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Extra Resources
Graders and teaching assistants help professors.
The United States has the best library in the world. They are open 24 hours a day during the examination period. - Electronic Library
Numerous computer laboratories on campus stay open until late at night. 12
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14. Improving Higher Education In Japan*
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Improving Higher Education In Japan
More emphasis on teaching
More emphasis on studying
More competition : among students and among professors
Fewer housekeeping chores and more emphasis on research for senior faculty
More independence and equal treatment for younger faculty
Address the needs of students and society 13
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15. What Japan Should Do To Internationalize - one*
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What Japan Should Do To Internationalize - one
Become more used to dealing with differences (foreigners included)
Create an environment where English alone is sufficient to live and thrive
Allow controlled immigration
Accept more quality students and younger workers from overseas (internships) 14
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16. What Japan Should Do To Internationalize - two*
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What Japan Should Do To Internationalize - two
Send more students and young workers overseas (internships, exchange programs)
Hire quality foreign workers for permanent positions
Do not lose sight of Asia
Build a country that does not have to make a conscious effort to internationalize 15
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17. Foreign Students in the United States*
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Foreign Students in the United States
More than 400,000 in comparison to 60,000 in Japan
60s Canadians
70s Iranians with oil dollars
80s Taiwanese
Taiwan > Malaysia > China > Korea
Made In Taiwan = Massachusetts Institute
of Technology 16
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18. *
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In the US
The difference between “domestic” and “foreign” is blurred. Hence, there is far less discrimination against foreigners.
Universities in the United States tend to be more sensitive to the needs of students and society. This is regardless of the citizenship. 17
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19. *
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Remark
Unlike Japan where many foreign students are being brought in by governmental policies, the United States needs foreign talents to sustain its growth. However, the distinction between “foreign” and “domestic” is blurred considerably by a large number of immigrants the United States already has and gets every year. 18
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20. World’s Center of Scientific Research*
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World’s Center of Scientific Research
17th Century: England
18th Century: France
19th Century: Germany
20th Century: The United States 19
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21. *
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In the 21st Century?
Historically, foreign students tended to go back to their home countries after studying abroad.
For the first time in the history, foreign students are staying after they complete their education. The United States is very accomodating to foreign nationals and immigrants. 20
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22. Concluding Remark - one*
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Concluding Remark - one
Including those from the third-world countries, whether Japan can keep and attract foreign Ph.D.s is one measure of internationalization. As it stands now, it looks as though the United States is absorbing all the talents in the world. 21
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23. Concluding Remark - two*
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Concluding Remark - two
There may be an academic and/or technological World War III in which Japan faces all surrounding Asian nations in the form of leading scientists and engineers in the United States. 22
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24. *
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IAESTE
The International Association for the Exchange of Students for Technical Experience
Contact Information:
IAESTE Tokyo Office Tel , Fax Homepage
IAESTE Osaka Office Tel and Fax 23
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25. *
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Friends
Ryugakusei center of Kyoto University supports a mailing list called “Friends” for international residents and the Japanese with an interest in international exchange. 24
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26. KUINEP (Kyoto University International Education Program)*
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KUINEP (Kyoto University International Education Program)
Kyoto University has a special program, in which all lectures are in English, for foreign students whose institutions have an exchange agreement with Kyoto. Since they stay in Japan only for a year, they are most eager to interact with Japanese people and absorb Japanese culture. 25
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27. *
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Home Stay
Just a room in a house with no other benefits would be fine. There is no need to treat them as guests by feeding them or taking them out on a trip. For that matter, you do not even have to speak with them if speaking English is too stressful to you. Being able to live in Kyoto alone means so much to them. 26
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28. *
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About the Language
English is difficult for the Japanese because of:
Grammatical and structural incompatibility
Lack of emphasis on practical skills at school
Lack of practical skills on the part of instructors
Weak verbal ability in general 27
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29. Possible Remedies - University*
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Possible Remedies - University
The only answer is more exposure.
Visiting instructors
Regular lectures in English
Cheaper English textbooks
More English-speaking foreign students
Enlisting help from returning students 28
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30. Possible Remedies - Corporation*
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Possible Remedies - Corporation
The only answer is more exposure.
Foreign interns and visitors - IAESTE, AIESEC
Hiring decision with an emphasis on English
No more translating everything
Returning students and Japanese Americans
Sending employees overseas 29
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31. *
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Contact Information
Masayasu AOTANI
Associate Professor
Ryugakusei Center
Kyoto University
Yoshida-Honmachi Sakyo-Ku
Kyoto JAPAN
TEL (+81)-(0)
FAX (+81)-(0) 30
2018/11/18 *