1. Evolution
9 Biology

2. The Fossil Record Limitations: Connections between species are missing
Erosion
Decomposition before fossilization
Geographical location

3. Traits Derived Traits: Ancestral traits: Newly formed and evolved
Ex. Feathers
Ancestral traits:
Been around longer
Ex. Teeth, tails

4. Comparative Anatomy Homologous: Analogous: Moves in similar ways
Similar construction
Inherited from common ancestor
Ex: Leg or arm construction in animals
Analogous:
Used for same purpose
Superficially similar
Not inherited from common ancestor
Ex: Wings on butterflies and bats

5. Comparative Embryology and Biochemistry:
Embryo: undeveloped organism
All vertebrate embryos:
Have a tail
Have pharangeal pouches
Pouches become gills in fish
Pouches become ears, jaws and throats in mammals, reptiles and birds
Biochemistry:
Cytochrome c: all animals that undergo cellular respiration have it
DNA, RNA

6. Camouflage Way to hide by matching surroundings Favors survival
Favorable genes are passed on

7. Mimicry One species evolves to resemble another
Increases fitness of species
Benefits harmful and non-harmful species

8. Adaptation: Consequences of human adaptation-
Helplessness of human infants
Need more care in early life to increase learning
Result of bigger brains and upright posture
Narrow pelvis
Baby’s skull plates not sutured for passage through birth canal

9. Adaptation: Plants Desert: Carnivorous: Arid climate adaptation
Live in soil low on minerals

10. Adaptations: Plants, cont.
Leaf adaptations:
Poinsettia- leaves are red to resemble petals, attract insects
Root adaptations:
Root depth matches with area rainfall