1. The Endocrine System
Unit 7

2. The Endocrine System
With nervous system coordinates the function of all body systems
Regulates homeostasis through hormones

3. Hormones Over 50 hormones Secretions enter blood
Effect target cell, tissue organ
Most only affect a few types of cells

4. FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES Helps regulate: 1. metabolism
2. ICF & ECF balance
3. contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
4. Reproductive system
Control growth & development

5. Hormone Function

6. 8.03 Describe the locations, secretions, and functions of the major endocrine glands.
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenals
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
Pineal
Thalamus
Kidneys
Liver
Stomach
Lungs
Heart
Small Intestine
Skin
Placenta

7. 8.03 Endocrine Glands

8. 8.03 Hypothalamus
Coordinates the Endocrine System activities to maintain Homeostasis
One of the main regulators of homeostasis in the body
production and secretion of hormones
that control other Endocrine Glands
Lacks an effective blood brain barrier

9. 8.03 Hypothalamus

10. Hypothalamus (Hormones/Targets)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Targets pituitary causing HGH release.
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Targets pituitary causing TSH release.
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Targets pituitary causing ACTH release.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OXT)
The hypothalamus produces ADH and OXT and stores them in the posterior pituitary. Also, the hypothalamus neurologically stimulates the posterior pituitary for their release.

11. Pituitary Gland

12. 8.03 Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Often called the master gland because it secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands
Structurally divided into two parts:
Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

13. 8.03 Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH).
ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys.
Oxytocin (OXT) – stimulates smooth muscle contractions for child birthing. Also, OXT targets breast tissue for milk ejection (letdown).
Synthetic OXT–Pitocin “the Pit” or Syntocinon

14. 8.03 Human Growth Hormone (hGH) or Somatotropin
The most abundant anterior pituitary hormone
Targets growth of body cells
Stimulates protein synthesis
Inhibits protein breakdown
Stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown)
Inhibits the use of glucose as a fuel for metabolism

15. Thyroid

16. 8.03 Thyroid Gland Hormones
The thyroid gland is located just below the larynx with its lobes lying on either side of the trachea
The right and left lobes are connected to each other by the isthmus
The only gland that can store its secretory product in large quantities
normally about a 100 day supply

17. 8.03 Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Also called Thyrotropin
TSH released from Anterior Pituitary
TSH targets the thyroid gland

18. Parathyroid
key roles in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones.

19. Adrenal glands

20. 8.03 Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands and Hormones
Glands located superior to each kidney
Structurally divided into two regions
Adrenal Cortex
Outer region
Makes up the majority of the gland
Adrenal Medulla
The inner portion of the gland

21. 8.03 Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
ACTH released from Anterior Pituitary
ACTH targets the Adrenal Cortex

22. 8.03 Glucocorticoids regulates metabolism
influences resistance to stress
Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)
makes up 95% of glucocorticoids
primary role is that of gluconeogenesis
synthesis of glucose and glycogen in the liver
promotes normal metabolism
provides resistance to stress
acts as anti-inflammatory compounds
regulated by the secretion of ACTH

23. Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
8.03 Adrenal Medulla
Inner region of the adrenal glands
Contains two sets of hormone producing cells
Under the direct control of the
Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Initial sympathetic response is carried out by the ANS, but the Adrenal Medulla sustains a prolonged sympathetic response.

24. 8.03 Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
(Adrenaline and Noradrenaline)
Epinephrine makes up 80% of the secretions from the adrenal medulla, and Norepinephrine 20%.
Responsible for the “Fight or Flight” response
Helps the body cope with stress

25. 8.03 Actions of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
increases heart rate
increases blood pressure
increases heart contractility
constricts blood vessels
increases respiratory rate
dilates respiratory passageways
increases blood sugar levels
stimulates cellular metabolism
increases efficiency of muscular contractions

26. Pancreas
The endocrine tissue of the pancreas is called the Pancreatic Islets or Islets of Langerhans
Alpha Cells - secrete Glucagon
raises blood sugar
Beta Cells - secrete Insulin
lowers blood sugar

27. Blood Glucose Regulation
Insulin
Decreases Blood Glucose
Glucagon
Increases Blood Glucose

28. 8.03 Glucagon Increases blood sugar when it falls below normal ranges
Main target tissue is the liver
Accelerates the conversion of glycogen into glucose (glycogenolysis)
Promotes the formation of glucose from lactic acid (lactate) and amino acids/fatty acids (gluconeogenesis)
Suppresses appetite

29. 8.03 Insulin Decreases blood glucose levels if it gets too high
Accelerates the transfer of glucose from the blood into the body’s cells
Accelerates the conversion of glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)
Accelerates the entry of amino acids into cells and the synthesis of proteins

30. STRESS Anything that disrupts homeostasis May be physical
May be related to life situations

31. General Adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Three stages
Body’s response to stress

32. Alarm Stage Body is preparing for stress
Body’s way of dealing with a stressor

33. Body changes during alarm
Increase blood pressure
Increase heart rate
Muscles tense
Decrease in blood supply to digestive system

34. Body changes during alarm
More mentally alert
Better hearing and eyesight
Sweating
Dry mouth
More blood and glucose to muscles

35. Resistance stage Body is dealing with the stress
Body is trying to keep going
Body’s way of dealing with prolonged stress

36. Exhaustion stage Body is worn out Major fatigue
Increase in cortisol levels
Decrease in K+
Immune system is depressed
Illness may occur

37. Diseases and Disorders

38. 8.04 Dwarfism Caused by a hyposecretion of hGH during the growth years
Slow bone growth
Epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached
Other organs of the body may also fail to grow and develop
Treatment requires administration of hGH during childhood

39. Shortest Person in the world
* Jyoti Ange
* 2’ 3”
Born in India
1995 to present

40. 8.04 Gigantism Caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during childhood
Abnormal increase in bone length and size of other organs
The person is very tall with normal body proportions

41. Gigantism Robert Wadlow
is the tallest person in history for whom there is irrefutable evidence.
Born: February 22, 1918
Died: July 15, 1940
Due to a faulty brace causing a blister and parasitic infection.
Height: 8' 11"

42. 8.04 Diabetes Mellitus
A group of disorders that leads to an elevation of blood glucose (hyperglycemia)
Symptoms include:
polyuria - polydipsia
polyphagia - glucosuria
Two Types or Categories of Diabetes
Type I Diabetes
Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
Type II Diabetes –
Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)

43. 8.04 Type I Diabetes (IDDM)
Pancreas does not produce insulin due to the destruction of beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans
Requires regular injections of insulin to prevent death
Most commonly develops in individuals younger than 20 years old
(Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus)
Autoimmune antibody targets beta cells.

44. Complications from Diabetes
atherosclerosis
heart disease
peripheral vascular disease
severe kidney damage
Glaucoma and/or blindness
gangrene
ketoacidosis
weight loss
neuropathy

45. Treatments for Diabetes
No cure currently
Regular insulin injections
Artificial pancreas (experimental)
Transplantation of the pancreas
(risk rejection)
transplantation of clusters of islet cells
Injection of fetal islet cells (STEM cell)
(risky procedure)

46. 8.04 Type II Diabetes (NIDDM)
Also called Maturity Onset Diabetes
Much more common type of Diabetes (over 90% of Diabetes cases)
Most often occurs in individuals over 40, but seeing more often now in children
Most individuals are overweight or clinically obese
Blood glucose levels can usually be controlled by medications, diet, exercise, and weight loss and control