1. The Endocrine System
With nervous system coordinates the function of all body systems
Regulates homeostasis through hormones

2. Hormones Over 50 hormones Secretions enter blood
Effect target cell, tissue, organ
Most only affect a few types of cells

3. FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES Help regulate: 1. Metabolism/homeostasis
2. ICF & ECF balance
3. Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle
4. Reproductive system
Control growth & development

4. Feedback Loops

5. Hypothalamus GHRH GnRH TRH GHIH CRH PRH ADH PIH OXT
Maintains homeostasis by sending hormones to other glands.
The Hormones below signal other glands:
GHRH
TRH
CRH
ADH
OXT
GnRH
GHIH
PRH
PIH

7. Pituitary Gland
Often called the master gland because it secretes hormones that control other endocrine glands
Structurally divided into two parts:
Anterior Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis)
Posterior Pituitary Gland (Neurohypophysis)

8. Human Growth Hormone (hGH) or Somatotropin
The most abundant anterior pituitary hormone
Stimulates growth of body cells
Stimulates protein synthesis
Inhibits protein breakdown
Stimulates lipolysis (fat breakdown)
Inhibits the use of glucose as a fuel for metabolism

9. Thyroid Located just below the larynx
Only gland that can store its secretory product in large quantities
normally about a 100 day supply

10. Actions of Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
Regulates oxygen utilization and basal metabolic rate
Regulates cellular metabolism
Works in conjunction with hGH to regulate growth and development catecholamines
Enhances the actions of
epinephrine - norepinephrine

11. Adrenal glands Superior to each kidney Two regions Adrenal Cortex
Outer region
Makes up the majority of the gland
ACTH  Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)
Adrenal Medulla
The inner portion of the gland
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (Adrenaline and Noradrenaline)

12. Pancreas
The endocrine tissue of the pancreas is called the Pancreatic Islets or Islets of Langerhans
Alpha Cells - secrete Glucagon
raises blood sugar
Beta Cells - secrete Insulin
lowers blood sugar

13. Endocrine System Concept Map

14. STRESS Anything that disrupts homeostasis May be physical
May be related to life situations

15. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Three stages
Body’s response to stress

16. Alarm Stage Body is preparing for stress
Body’s way of dealing with a stressor

17. Body changes during alarm
Increase blood pressure
Increase heart rate
Muscles tense
Decrease in blood supply to digestive system
More mentally alert
Better hearing and eyesight
Sweating
Dry mouth
More blood and glucose to muscles

18. Resistance stage Body is dealing with the stress
Body is trying to keep going
Body’s way of dealing with prolonged stress

19. Exhaustion stage Body is worn out Major fatigue
Increase in cortisol levels
Decrease in K+
Immune system is depressed
Illness may occur

20. Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System

21. Acromegaly caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood
also caused by steroid and hGH use
bones of hands, feet, and skull thicken
eyelids, lips, and tongue enlarge
skin thickens and develops furrows

22. Cretinism
caused by hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during fetal development
Dwarfism
usually severely mentally retarded
yellowish skin color

23. Diabetes Mellitus
Caused by Hyperglycemia
symptoms include:
polyuria - polydipsia
polyphagia - glucosuria
Two Types or Categories of Diabetes
Type I Diabetes: usually insulin dependent
Type II Diabetes: not usually insulin dependent, but can become so
Diabetes Insipidus – Diabetes caused by intense thirst and urination.

24. Type I Diabetes (IDDM)
pancreas does not produce insulin suffiecient insulin
requires regular injections of insulin
most commonly develops in individuals younger than 20 years old (Juvenile Onset Diabetes Mellitus)

25. Type II Diabetes also called Maturity Onset Diabetes
much more common type of Diabetes (over 90% of Diabetes cases)
most often occurs in individuals over 40
most individuals are overweight or clinically obese
blood glucose levels can usually be controlled by diet, exercise, and weight loss and control

26. Complications from Diabetes
Blindness
Kidney failure
Neuropathy
Slow healing—leads to necrosis
Necrosis often causes gangrene
Gangrene leads to amputation

27. Diabetic ulcer of the big toe

28. Gangrene caused by neglect

29. Treatments for Diabetes
regular insulin injections
Special diet
artificial pancreas
transplantation of the pancreas
transplantation of clusters of Islet Cells
injection of fetal Islet Cells
Insulin pump

30. Dwarfism caused by a hyposecretion of hGH during the growth years
causes slow bone growth
epiphyseal plates close before normal height is reached
other organs of the body may also fail to grow and develop
treatment requires administration of hGH during childhood

31. Gigantism caused by the hypersecretion of hGH during childhood
abnormal increase in bone length and size of other organs
the person is very tall with normal body proportions

32. Cushing’s Syndrome
caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids, especially cortisol
results in redistribution of body fat
spindly arms and legs
rounded moon - faced appearance
hanging abdomen with stretch marks or Striae
individuals often bruises easily
poor wound healing

33. Myxedema--tissue swelling
caused by hypothyroidism during the adult years
causes facial tissue to swell and look puffy
about 5 times more common in females

34. Myxedema--tissue swelling
other symptoms include:
Bradycardia
- low body temperature
lethargy
muscle weakness
dry skin and hair -
easily gains weight
sensitivity to cold - hypersensitive to drugs 34

35. Pretibial myxedema

36. Graves’ Disease caused by hyperthyroidism
may have a slightly enlarged thyroid gland (Goiter)
causes the eyes to protrude (Exophthalmos)

37. Graves’ Disease an autoimmune disorder increased metabolism
heat intolerance
increased sweati
insomnia
weight loss
nervousness
tremors of hands 37

38. THE END!