1. Brain, Neurotransmitters, and Other Chemicals
When the brain is flooded by certain neurotransmitters in the form of medication or drugs (cocaine, heroin, morphine), it may naturally stop producing similar transmitters (called neuroadaption)
What do you think happens when a person stops taking the drug after neuroadaption has occurred?
When the medication or drug is withdrawn, the brain becomes deprived of any form of neurotransmitter until the brain can naturally start producing its own neurotransmitters again.
Explains the uncomfortable withdrawal period when a drug addict ceases using the drug.

2. Brain, Neurotransmitters, and Other Chemicals
Various drugs and substances can effect communication at the synapse, by exciting or inhibiting a neuron to fire.
Agonist – molecules that are similar to neurotransmitters and can mimic their effects.
Eg: the venom of a black widow spider floods the brain with agonists similar to ACh which results in muscle contractions, convulsions, and even death.
Antagonist – a molecule that inhibits a neurotransmitter’s release
Eg: Botulin (a poison in improperly canned food), causes paralysis by blocking the release of ACh from the sending neuron.
MOUSE PARTY!!!

3. REVIEW Communication WITHIN a neuron… Communication BETWEEN neurons…
ELECTRICAL – action potential
Communication BETWEEN neurons…
CHEMICAL – neurotransmission

4. Tuesday, September 26
How does one neuron communicate with another neuron?
What are some things that your body involuntarily does when under stress?
How do hormones effect someone’s behavior and mental processes? Give an example (think puberty).
What is a reflex?
Today’s topic:
Nervous System and Endocrine System
Homework:
Read pages 66-73
Brain Scan chart
Terms
Study for quiz
Assessments:
Quiz on 3A Thursday
Test on Biological Bases: Monday

5. The Nervous System Nervous System Peripheral (PNS) Somatic Autonomic
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Central
(CNS)

6. Nervous System Neurons
Information travels through the nervous system in 3 type of neurons.
Sensory neurons – (aka afferent neurons) carry incoming information from the senses to the CNS
Motor Neurons – (aka efferent neurons) carry out going information from the CNS to muscles and glands
Interneurons – CNS neurons that internally communicate between sensory inputs and motor outputs
Sensory feel… Inter interpret… Motor move
What is ALS?

7. S.A.M.E.
Sensory Neurons = Afferent
Motor Neurons = Efferent

9. Nervous System

10. Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain and the spinal cord

11. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.
Everything but the brain and spinal cord

12. Nerves In the PNS Neural cables
Connect the CNS to muscles, glands, and sense organs
Ex: optic nerve connects the eye to the brain (sense organ – PNS to the brain – CNS)

13. Peripheral Nervous System

14. Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems
Somatic – controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Running, dancing, etc
Autonomic – controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs
Heartbeat, digestion, sweating
PNS
Autonomic
Somatic
Somatic – Skeletal
Autonomic - Automatic

15. Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
Sympathetic – arouses the body
Parasympathetic – calms the body
Parasympathetic - paralyzing
Autonomic
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

16. Let’s Put It All Together!
Nervous System
Peripheral
(PNS)
Somatic
Autonomic
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Central
(CNS)

17. The Spinal Cord and Reflexes
CNS is the highway between the brain and the PNS. However, sometimes the body can react without the message reaching the brain.
Reflex – simple, autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
Not for sensations like pain – that is a voluntary movement. The knee-jerk reflex is simple and involuntary.

18. The Spinal Cord and Reflexes
If the spinal cord were to be severed, no sensations could reach the brain and the brain could not send out any information.
Reflexes due to pain (hand to fire) would not occur.
Reflexes like the knee-jerk would occur, but without the feeling of the tap.

19. What happens if the Spinal Cord is severed?
Paralysis because sensory messages cannot reach brain and motor messages cannot leave brain
Paraplegia - patient can still move two limbs
Quadriplegia - all four limbs are paralyzed
Most famous case in recent times was the actor Christopher Reeves ( d. 2004)

20. Wednesday, September 27 What is a reflex?
How do hormones effect someone’s behavior and mental processes? Give an example (think puberty).
What is lesioning?
Which type of brain scan involves a radioactive form of glucose that lights up when the brain performs a given task?
Today’s topic:
Endocrine System and the Brain
Homework:
Read pages 73-
Terms
Study for quiz
Assessments:
Quiz on 3A: Tomorrow
Test on Biological Bases is now on Tuesday

21. Studying the Brain Lesion – damage to brain tissue
Allows us to study the functions of the brain in circumstances that would be unethical to replicate
Ex: Phineas Gage

22. EEG
PET
MRI
fMRI

23. The Endocrine System

24. Endocrine System
The body’s “slow” chemical communication system made of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
Hormones – chemical messengers manufactured by glands
Travel slowly in the bloodstream
When hormones act on the brain, they can trigger interest in sex, food, aggression, “flight or fight”
Gland - An organ in the body that secretes a substance for use somewhere else in the body

25. Hormones vs Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers for the endocrine system
Travel in the blood stream
Chemical messengers in the brain
Travel in the brain in the synapse between neurons
The endocrine system tries to keep a balance in the body while we respond to feelings of stress, anger, fear, and exertion.

27. Gigantism – caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland
Small pea-shaped gland in the limbic system of the brain
Most influential gland – “master” gland
Regulates growth (growth hormone) and controls other glands
Controlled by the hypothalamus
Gigantism – caused by a tumor on the pituitary gland
Andre the Giant

28. Adrenal Gland
Pair of glands above the kidneys that release adrenaline and noradrenalin which helps to arouse the body in times of stress
Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar for energy
Hormones can last in the bloodstream after the triggering event.
Daughter Lifts Car Off Dad

29. Endocrine System

30. CRASH COURSE PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW