1. Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Chapter 11

2. 11.1 Gregor Mendel Developed the fundamental laws of heredity
He studied science and mathematics 
Blended Concept of Inheritance vs Particulate Theory of Inheritance 
Funfact: Mendel originally wanted to breed mice, but wasn't allowed to because it was considered scandalous

3. Mendel chose garden peas (Pisum sativum)as his subjects as they are easily grown and their pollination is easily controlled. He controlled pollination by manually moving pollen between plants Developed True-breeding plants by self-pollination 
Developed hybrid plants by crossbreeding two plants of differing characteristics
Tall v Short

4. Mendel examined varieties of peas for heritable characters and traits for his study. (stem length, pod shape, seed shape, seed color..etc) 

5. In 1865, Mendel published his findings in a paper called Experiments on Plant Hybridization, which was mostly ignored at the time due to a number of reasons. First, Mendel was not well known in scientific community. Second, his theory ran against the popular model of blended inheritance.

6. 11.2 Mendel's Law of Segregation (MONOHYBRID CROSS)
A monohybrid cross involves one (mono) character and different (hybrid) traits.
The F1 seeds were all purple; the white flower trait failed to appear at all.
Because the purple flower trait completely masks the white flower trait when true-breeding plants are crossed, the purple flower trait is called dominant, and the white flower trait is called recessive.

7. Creating the F2 generation
*Cross the F1 generation together to create F2
*Ratio is always 3:1
Mendel proposed that the units responsible for inheritance were discrete particles - particulate theory of inheritance

8. The same pattern occurred over and over, for seven different traits. 

9. As Viewed by Modern Genetics
During production of gametes, only one of the pair members for a given character passes to the gamete. (LAW OF SEGREGATION)
Mendel's units of inheritance are now called genes.
Different forms of a gene are called alleles.
Each allele is given a symbol:
                                                                                                           
Parental Cross 
PP  x  pp
purple x white

10.  Two copies of same allele = homozygous. Homo means "the same" 
Therefore both PP and pp are considered homozygous, just one is purple and the other is white.
Some purple-flowered plants could be Pp.  Individuals that are purple, but had a white parent, are heterozygous: Pp. Hetero means "different".
The F1 cross
Pp  x Pp   
purple x purple

11. Review Terms F1 vs F2 True Breeding vs Hybrid
Self Pollination vs  Cross Pollination
Homozygous vs Heterozygous
Particulate Theory vs Blending Theory

12. When an organism is studied for three different genes and has the alleles AABbCC, it is homozygous for A and C genes but heterozygous for the B gene. A B b C
A = antenna a = no antenna
B = black
b = purple
C = chompers c = no chompers

13. The physical appearance of an organism is its phenotype
The physical appearance of an organism is its phenotype. Purple-flowered would be a phenotype.
The actual composition of the organism's alleles for a gene is its genotype: Pp is a genotype.
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE
          Pp
       purple flowers
 rr
wrinkled seeds TT
tall tt
short
Organisms have many different genes some have thousands, and complex organisms have 10 times that number.

14. BY CONVENTION:
The dominant trait is given a capitol letter, the lowercase of that same letter is the recessive trait.  DO NOT MIX LETTERS.  Pick one and stick to it.
Also, some letters are better than others.  Capital S looks a lot like a lowercase (s).  Pick a different letter...
   Okay                                                   Better (use H for hair)
Short  hair  = SS                                    HH
Short hair = Ss                                       Hh
Long hair = ss                                        hh 

15. Practice picking letters
Practice picking letters.... the following traits are found in the common Shirtus americanus.
1.  Polka dots are dominant to stripes.
2.  Long sleeves are dominant to short sleeves.
3.  Collared shirts are recessive.
4.  Buttons are dominant over snaps.
5.  Pockets are recessive.   

16. Practice with Punnett Squares
1.  A  round seeded plant (RR) is crossed with a wrinkle seeded plant (rr).  What are the phenotypes of the offspring?
2.  Two heterozygous purple flowered pea plants are crossed.  What are the phenotypes of their offspring and in what proportion?
3.  A plant with green seeds (yy) is crossed with a heterozygous plant.  What percentage of their offspring have yellow seeds?

17. Wings are a dominant trait, but some dragons are born wingless.
In dragons...
Wings are a dominant trait, but some dragons are born wingless.
What are the chances that two heterozygous dragons have a whelp that is wingless?
If a wingless dragon is crossed with one that is heterozygous, how many of its offspring will also be wingless?

18. What is a test cross? Help, help! I don't know what my genotype is!!
I can help you!  Let's have offspring!
Help, help!  I don't know what my genotype is!!
Am I Dd or DD?

19. R T R t r T r t Why does the punnett square work?
It all goes back to meiosis.. each side represents a sperm or egg.  The boxes filled out simply give you the statistical chance that a certain sperm will fertilize a certain egg. 
Consider a pea plant that is RrTt  (round seed, tall)
When this plant's cells go through MEIOSIS, the alleles segregate - each sperm receives a random combination...
Possible Gametes:
R T            R t
r T              r t

20. What are the gametes possible for an organism that is AaBbRr?
Mendel’s Three Laws 1. Dominance & Recessiveness 2. Segregation
 3. Independent Assortment

21. Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment – Illustrated by the DIHYBRID cross
The second law describes the outcome of dihybrid (two character) crosses, or hybrid crosses involving additional characters.
A dihybrid is an individual that is a double heterozygote (e.g., with the genotype RrYy - round seed, yellow seed).
What are the gametes that can be produced by this individual?

22. Dihybrid Cross: RrYy x RrYy

23. All of these type of crosses will follow the same ratio
AaBb x AaBb
(two dominant traits)
3 - (one dominant, one recessive)
3 - (one recessive, one dominant)
1 - (two recessive traits)

24. It may be faster to solve problems mathematically
It may be faster to solve problems mathematically. This one is NOT 9:3:3:1
Consider the cross between a plant with round seeds, purple flowers to one with wrinkled seeds and white flowers ...
RrPp x rrpp

25. Try another mathematical model..
Winged, Fire breathing dragon DdFf x
Wingless, Fire breathing dragon ddFf

26. What does INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT mean?
In your own words, describe what it means with regard to Mendelian genetics.
Mendel would have never developed this law if he'd chosen traits located on the same chromosome. Why do you think that would have altered his results?