1. 3 Asian Medical Hospital, Manila Philippines
JOB SATISFACTION, CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND PHARMACEUTICAL CARE PRACTICES OF HOSPITAL PHARMACISTS IN THE PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA: BASIS FOR PHARMACY PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
MFD Bacayo1, MF Asmani1, EM Faller1, EV Sagarino2, VE Badong2, MTL Hernandez3,
1 School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University, Selangor Malaysia
2 Research and Publication Center, University of the Immaculate Conception, Davao City Philippines
3 Asian Medical Hospital, Manila Philippines
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
This study aimed to determine the level of job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists in the Philippines and Malaysia in relation to their demographic profile, level of awareness and engagement in continuing professional development and their effectiveness in carrying out pharmaceutical care practices in their respective workplace. This quantitative study used the descriptive survey method using a validated self-made questionnaire administered among 200 respondents from hospitals in Davao City, Philippines and Selangor, Malaysia. The data obtained from both locations were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings showed that Filipino and Malaysian hospital pharmacists were satisfied with their jobs. Their awareness to CPD is high but their participation in CPD-research is very low. The level of pharmaceutical care practices is of great extent. Furthermore, there is no significant difference on the pharmaceutical care practices among the Filipino and Malaysian pharmacists. However, there is a significant low correlation between job satisfaction and pharmaceutical practices and there is a significant association between continuing professional education and pharmaceutical practices.
The pharmacy profession has expanded significantly in its healthcare and professional service delivery, pharmacist should be at higher concern about their job performance, efficiency at work and job satisfaction which is a contributing factor for a person’s productivity that will influence job performance. Since certain high standards must be met by all healthcare professionals, it is the pharmacy practitioners responsibility to enhance and upgrade their knowledge, skills, and capabilities to remain effective and compliant. The fifth stage in the transition of pharmacy practice is pharmaceutical care practices, the era of taking responsibility in the performance of clinical functions. Thus, pharmaceutical care practices therefore offer a means of improving drug therapy management by the hospital pharmacist in the continuous processes of monitoring unwanted effects, assessment of drug effectiveness and patient education.
This study aimed to determine the level of job satisfaction of hospital pharmacists in relation to their demographic profile, level of awareness and engagement in continuing professional development and their effectiveness in carrying out pharmaceutical care practices in their respective workplace.
The demographic profile revealed that most of pharmacist were between 20 to 30 years old followed by 31 to 40 years old and 41 to 50 years old. Most of the respondents were single. The majority of the respondents (Filipino, 95% and Malaysian, 45.5%) has salary ranging from RM 0 (PHP 0) to RM 4000 (PHP 44,000). They obtained Master’s Degree (Filipino, 6.0%, and Malaysian, 16.2%) % of the respondents were full time worker and only a few were working part time in the hospital. Most of the respondents were considered early in their career path with only a few found on top position (Senior). Moreover, they were employed in privately owned hospitals rather than government hospitals. Most have served the hospital for 1 – 5 years , 6-10 years and a few have worked for more than 10 years. The majority were working more than 8 hours in days as compared to less than 8 hours in government hospital. Findings showed that hospital pharmacists from Davao and Selangor revealed a relatively satisfied level of relationship with co-workers in the workplace and moderately satisfied with their working conditions. Most of the respondents from the Filipinos (90%) and Malaysians (90%) were aware of the continuing professional development. However, 62.0% of Filipino Pharmacists undertook continuing professional development while only 24.2% Malaysian pharmacists actively joined CPD.
The level of practices of hospital pharmacists on pharmaceutical care in terms of problem solving, judgment, and decision making were found to be moderately high among Filipino pharmacists and high among Malaysian pharmacists with a mean value of 3.41 and 3.97, respectively. In terms of communication and education were both high (Filipino 3.78) and (Malaysian 3.76). For medical information, evaluation and management a mean value of 3.49 and 2.82 falls under moderate extent. For management of patients population were moderately extent with a mean value of 3.26 and The level of pharmaceutical practices among hospital pharmacist in terms of therapeutic knowledge areas it shows Filipino get moderate extent (3.29) and Malaysian have great extent (3.65). Results showed that there is a very low correlation between job satisfaction and Pharmaceutical Care Practices. But, a significant association exists between continuing professional education and pharmaceutical care practices.
Inferential statistics was used to test the significant difference in the pharmaceutical care practices of hospital pharmacists from Davao and Selangor according to their demographic profile. The result shows no significant difference on the level of pharmaceutical care practices among the respondents when analyzed according to Age, Gender, Marital Status, country of Employment, Highest Qualification, Years of Services, compensation, Current employment status, type of working institution and job title. There is a very low correlation between job satisfaction and pharmaceutical care practices. This could mean that job satisfaction among hospital pharmacists is a determinant on how pharmacist will adhere to the pharmaceutical care practices. Doaa and Wazaifu (2013) finds out that job satisfaction and stress level in different practice settings were significantly affected by the type of pharmacy practice settings (P = 0.038). There is a significant association between continuing professional education and pharmaceutical care practices. In 1993, World Health Organization (WHO) defined pharmaceutical care as a compendium of attitudes, behaviors, commitments, concerns, ethics, functions, knowledge, responsibilities and skills of the pharmacist on the provision of drug therapy with the goal of achieving defined therapeutic outcomes toward patient health and quality of life”. With a view to encourage the practice of pharmaceutical care in a responsible and competent manner, continuing professional education in clinical pharmacy, medication management services, patient communication and counseling should be delivered to provide the hospital pharmacist with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes they need to achieve the above goal.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
A survey design was employed in the study to quantify, describe and characterize the responses of the hospital pharmacists. A descriptive correlational research design was also employed to establish the relationship between the level of job satisfaction and status of continuing professional development to the level of pharmaceutical care practices of hospital pharmacist. The research respondents were composed of 100 hospital pharmacists in Davao City and 100 hospital pharmacist in Selangor.
The researcher employed the purposive sampling as the study participants only covered pharmacists who were working in hospitals. The research instrument of this study is composed of two parts. The first one (Questionnaire A) pertains to the demographic profile of the hospital pharmacists. The second part was designed to determine the level of job satisfaction, continuing professional development, and pharmaceutical care practices of the hospital pharmacists. In the determination of the level of pharmaceutical care practices among hospital pharmacists, the mean of the overall responses have guided the researcher in the interpretation and analysis of the study. The statistical methods utilized in the study are the following weighted mean, T-Test and Anova, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and Chi-Square
CONCLUSION
The level of pharmaceutical care practices among the Filipino and Malaysian Pharmacists is of great extent which shows that they usually practice pharmaceutical care. There is a significant low correlation between job satisfaction and pharmaceutical care practices which means that they there could be other factors that could lead to greater extent of pharmaceutical care practices. There is a significant association between continuing professional education (CPE) and pharmaceutical care practices which means that CPE may lead to greater extent of practicing pharmaceutical care. A development plan is a valuable tool for evaluating the progress of competencies for practice.
CONTACT
Table 1. Significant Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Pharmaceutical Care Practices
May Florence Dela Cruz Bacayo., RPh. PhD.
Management and Science University, Malaysia or
Phone:
Website:
REFERENCES
Cipolle, R. J., Strand L. M., Morley, P. C. (1998) Outcomes of pharmaceutical care practice. New York: McGraw Hill (Ed). Pharmaceutical Care Practice (pp ).
Schommer JC, Cable GL (1996). Current Status of Pharmaceutical Care Practice: Strategies for Education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education; Vol 60
Table 2. Significant Association between Continuing Professional Education and Pharmaceutical Care Practices of the Respondents.