1. What is the age of an intrusion of igneous rock in relation to the sedimentary rock layers through which it passes?
c) Relative age d) absolute age
Any trace of an ancient organism that have been preserved in rock is called a
The same age as the other rock layer
always older
Fossil b) continent
Sometimes younger, sometimes older
c) landmass d) landform
always younger
Geologists use radioactive dating to
Of the following methods, which led scientists to infer that Earth is about 4.6 billion years old?
Tell where one soil horizon ends and the next one begins.
Determine the relative ages of rock layers
a)Studying index fossils
b) applying the law of superposition
Tell the difference between molds and casts.
c) Studying fault lines
d) using radioactive dating on moon rocks
Determine the absolute ages of rocks
The relative age of a rock is
Radioactive decay occurs when atoms of some elements
a)Less that the age of the fossils the rock contains.
Become part of a fossil
b) Its age compared with the ages of other rocks.
Are exposed to chemical weathering
join with atoms of another element
c) Its age based on how much carbon-14 the
break down to form atoms of another element
rock contains.
In sea-floor spreading, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts
d) The number of years since the rock formed
At the north and south poles
A fossil formed when minerals replace all or part of an organism is called a
along the edges of all the continents
In deep-ocean trenches
Petrified fossil b) cast
along mid-ocean ridges
c) mold d)Trace fossil
The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is known as
The time it takes for half the radioactive atoms in a sample of a radioactive element to decay is the element’s
Subduction b) Conduction
Potassium-argon date b) half-life
c) continental drift d) convection

2. The place where two continental plates come together is known as
Rift valley, convergent boundary, transform boundary, or divergent boundary
Old oceanic crust is more dense than new oceanic crust because it is
Closer to the mid-ocean ridge, cool, hot, or moving toward a deep-ocean trench
What is Pangaea?
Another name for continental drift, the name of an ancient fossil, the name of a German scientist, or the name of the supercontinent that existed millions of years ago
A collision between two pieces of continental crust at a converging boundary produces a
Mountain range, rift valley, deep-ocean trench, or mid-ocean trench
According to Wegeners hypothesis of continental drift,
The continents were once joined together by a single landmass, Earth is slowly cooling and shrinking, the continents do not move, or Earth’s surface is made up of seven major landmasses.
Most geologists think that the movement of Earth’s plates is caused by
Convection currents in the mantle, earthquakes, Earth;s magnetic field, or conduction
The huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain is called a
Shield volcano, lava plateau, cinder cone, or caldera
What provides the force that causes magma to erupt to the surface?
Gravity in the lithosphere, the density of the magma, dissolved gases trapped in the magma, or the silica in the magma
When ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano’s vent the result is
Composite volcano, shield volcano, dormant volcano, or cinder cone volcano
Tall, cone-shaped mountains in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash are called
Cinder cone volcanoes, shield volcanoes, composite volcanoes, or lava plateaus

3. When many layers of thin, runny lava build up a high, level area the result is a
cinder cone volcano, composite volcano, lava plateau, or shield volcano
If Geologists detect many small earthquakes in the area near a volcano, what can they infer about the volcano?
It is extinct, it is dormant, it is probably about to erupt, or it is a good source of geothermal energy.
The main factor that accounts for the difference between quiet and explosive volcanic eruptions is
the iron content of the magma, the silica content of the magma, the age of the volcano, or the size of the volcano’s magma chamber.
Before lava reaches the surface, the molten material is called
magma, liquid fire, volcanic ash, or rock
In which location would you most likely find volcanoes?
where two continental plates collide, along mid-ocean ridges and where a plate is subducted, far from plate boundaries, or along transform boundaries
In a strike-slip fault, the rock on either side of the fault slip past each other sideways with little
up-or-down motion, noise, shaking, or movement.
Compared to P waves and S waves, surface waves move
faster, slower, at the same rate, or farther from the epicenter
How many seismograph data points are required to locate an earthquakes epicenter?
2, 1, 3, or 4
The point beneath Earth’s surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers an earthquake is called the
epicenter, focus, syncline, or footwall.
In a normal fault, the part of the fault that lies below the other part is called the
Hanging wall, anticline, reverse fault, or footwall

4. Suppose two normal faults cause valleys to drop down on either side of a block of rock. As the hanging wall of each normal fault slips downward, the block between forms a
rift valley, folded mountain, lava plateau, or fault-block mountain
A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level is called a
syncline, fault, canyon, or plateau
Sometimes forces inside the earth turn rock layer over completely. This is called
a fault, folding, an intrusion, or an unconformity
S waves and also known as
primary waves, focus waves, surface waves, or secondary waves.
Which type of stress produces reverse faults?
compression, deformation, tension, shearing
Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions is called
compression, shearing, deformation, or tension
Which of the following can cause damage days or months after a large earthquake?
a tsunami, an aftershock, convection, the arrival of surface waves
A fold in rock that bends upward into an arch is called a(n)
canyon, anticline, plateau, or syncline
Many uses of land, including logging, mining, and farming expose the soil, which can lead to
crop rotation, nutrient depletion, development, or erosion.
Most of the Earth’s water (about 97 percent) is
in the clouds, in the form of snow or ice, freshwater in lakes and rivers, or saltwater in oceans

5. 41)The process of restoring an area of land to a more natural, productive state is called land reclamation, erosion, nutrient depletion, or development 42)The type of molecule that is the major cause of the ozone hole and blocks the ozone cycle is called carbon dioxide, oxygen atoms, carbon monoxide, or chlorofluorocarbons 43)A river system is made up of a river and its tributaries, divides, runoff, or sediments 44) What is a major role of technology in controlling air pollution? Removing CFC’s from the atmosphere, banning the use of pollutants, reducing emissions, or cleaning up oil spills 45)Using land to grow food crops is an example of development, mining, agriculture, or desertification 46)Which of the following is one reason that wetlands are important? Wetlands make summers hotter and winters cooler, wetlands cause worse floods because water cannot be absorbes, wetlands help control floods by absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains, or wetlands make good areas for farms, homes ,and businesses. 47)Farmers may leave fields unplanted or plant alternate crops to reduce strip mining, desertification, erosion, or nutrient depletion 48)A well in which groundwater rises because of pressure is called a(n) spring well, geyser well, dry well, or artisan well 49)An aquifer is a(n) well in which water rises because of pressure, underground layer of rock or sediment that holds water, type of hot springs from which the water periodically erupts, or place where groundwater bubbles or flows out of cracks in the rock 50)All of the following are examples of limiting factors EXCEPT food, soil, weather condition, or space

6. Fertilizers and pesticides are examples of road runoff, human wastes, agricultural wastes, or industrial wastes
Wetlands provide habitats for many living things because of their sheltered waters and thick layer of mud, ability to prevent floods, large supply of nutrients, or lack of insects
People can obtain groundwater by drilling a well into the impermeable layer, above the water table, into the unsaturated zone, or into an aquifer
Which term refers to similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor? Developmental organisms, homologous structures, DNA sequences, or punctuated equilibria
If all members of a species disappear from Earth, the species is said to be extinct, endangered, threatened, of keystone
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce is called a(n) adaptation, variation, selection, or mutation.
Differences between members of the same species are called traits, variations, selections, or predators
The gradual change in species over time is called variation, evolution, natural selection, or adaptation
The place where an organism lives and that provides the things the organism needs is called its population, species, habitat, or community
Which term refers to the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce? Natural selection, competition, variation, or overproduction

7. An organism’s particular role in its habitat, or when and how it survives, is called its
niche, carrying capacity, ecosystem, or competition
Which term refers to a species creating more offspring than can possibly survive?
Variation, overproduction, natural selection, or evolution
An organism’s genotype is its
Physical appearance, feather color, genetic makeup, or stem height
Which combination of sex chromosomes results in a male human being?
XX, XY, YY, or either XX or YY
What are multiple alleles?
Three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait, more that two genes that control a trait, three or more chromosomes that determine a trait, or more than two co dominant genes in a chromosome
What is probability?
The way the results of one event affect the next event, a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur, the actual results from a series of events, or the number of times a coin lands heads up.
What does a punnett square show?
only the recessive alleles in a genetic cross, all of Mendel's discoveries about genetic crosses, only the dominant alleles in a genetic cross, or all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross
A DNA molecule is shaped like a
Triple helix, long, thin rod, straight ladder, or twisted ladder
Each skunk body cell has 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each skunk sex cell (sperm or egg) have?
25,15, 100, or 50
Scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait a
Dominant, hybrid, factor, or purebred

8. 71. An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is
Dominant, hybrid, factor, or purebred
72. When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex cell will contribute one fourth the number of chromosomes in body cells,, the normal number of chromosomes in body cells, twice the number of chromosomes in body cells, or half the number of chromosomes in body cells
73. The different forms of a gene are called
Alleles, masks, factors, or traits
74. An organism’s physical appearance is its
Dominance, genotypes, allele, or phenotype
75. Factors that control traits are called
Recessives, parents, purebreds, or genes
76. What does the notation Tt mean to geneticists?
Two dominant alleles, one dominant allele and one recessive allele, two recessive alleles, homozygous alleles
77. What does the notation TT mean to geneticists?
One dominant and one recessive allele, heterozygous alleles, at least one dominant allele, or two dominant alleles
78. What forms a genetic code?
The number of phosphates in a DNA strand, the order of nitrogen bases along a gene, the order of proteins along a gene, the number of daughter cells in an organism
79.A heterozygous organism has
Two different alleles for a trait, two identical alleles for a trait, three different alleles for a trait, or only one allele for a trait

9. Chromosomes are made up of
A phenotype and genotype, male and female sex cells, many genes joined together, or one pair of alleles
What genetic disorder results in abnormally shaped blood cells?
The way the results of one event affect the next event, a number that describes how likely it is that an even will occur, the actual results from a series of events, or the number of times a coin lands heads up
What is a pedigree?
An allele passed from parent to child on a sec chromosome, a chart that tracks which members of a family have a particular trait, a geneticist who studies the inheritance of traits in humans, or a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell
Cloning results in two organisms that are
Genetically similar, genetically identical, both adult mammals, or produced from cuttings
A carrier is a person who has
Two dominant alleles for a trait, more than two alleles for a trait, two recessive alleles for a trait, or one recessive and one dominant allele for a trait
Down Syndrome most often occurs when
Sickle-shaped cells become stuck in blood vessels, a person inherits a recessive allele, chromosomes fail to separate properly during meiosis, or blood fails to clot properly.
The application of a technological process, invention, or method to living organisms is called
Genetic engineering, bioengineering, genetic screening, or biotechnology
Why are sex-linked traits more common in males than in female?
In males, there is usually no matching allele on the Y chromosomes to mask the allele on the X chromosome, in males any alleles on the Y chromosome will be codominant with the matching allele on the x chromosome, in males all alleles on the Y chromosome are recessive, in males all alleles on the X chromosome are dominant

10. 88. Genetic disorders are caused by
dominant alleles only, recessive alleles only, pedigrees, or DNA mutations or changes in chromosomes
89. What must occur for a girl to be colorblind?
Each parent must be colorblind, each parent must have the recessive allele for colorblindness, each parent must have two codominant alleles for colorblindness, each parent must have the dominant allele for colorblindness
90. Sex-linked genes are genes on
The X chromosome only, the X and the Y chromosomes, the Y chromosome only, all 23 pairs of chromosomes
91. Population density is defined as
The number of individuals moving into a population, the smallest level of ecological organization, an approximation of a number based on reasonable assumptions, or the number of individuals of a population in a specific area.
92.Vultures, which feed on the bodies of dead organisms, are
First-level consumers, scavengers, herbivores, or producers
93.Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism are the three types of
Competition, predation, prey adaptations, or symbiotic relationships
94.The first organism in a food chain is always a
Producer, consumer, carnivore, or herbivore
95. The smallest unit of ecological organization is a single
Ecosystem, population, organism, or community

11. 97.All the different populations that live together in an area make up a(n)
Species, ecosystem, community, or organism
98.Consumers that eat both plants and animals are called
Omnivores, carnivores, scavengers, or herbivores
99.Which of the following is a biotic factor in the prairie ecosystem?
grass, water, sunlight, or soil
100.An organism that can make its own food is called a
Producer, consumer, scavenger, or decomposer
101.The nonliving parts of an ecosystem are called
Organisms, populations, biotic factors, or abiotic factors