1. Essential Questions
What is a neutralization reaction?
To a chemist, what exactly is a salt?

2. Vocabulary
Neutralization reaction
Titration
Equivalence point
Salt

3. Bellringer
You have learned that acids and bases form ions in solution. The characteristic ions are the hydronium, or H3O+, ion for acids and the hydroxide, or OH–, ion for bases. Below are several reactions between acids and bases.
From what you know about reactions, acids, and bases, predict what the products of the following reactions will be.
1. HCl + NaOH  ______ + H2O
2. HCl + KOH  KCl + ______
3. HNO3 + KOH  ______ + ______
4. H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2  ______ + ______
5. HBr + AgOH  ______ + ______
6. HClO4 + NaOH  ______ + ______
7. 2HNO3 + Ba(OH)2  ______ + ______
8. H2SO4 + 2NH4OH  ______ + ______

4. What is a neutralization reaction?
Acid-Base Reactions
What is a neutralization reaction?
A neutralization reaction is the reaction between an acid and a base.
neutralization reaction: the reaction of the ions that characterize acids and the ions that characterize bases to form water molecules and a salt

5. Acid-Base Reactions, continued
Neutralization is reaction between ions.
Example:
A strong acid ionizes completely in solution.
HCl + H2O  Cl– + H3O+
A strong base ionizes completely in solution.
NaOH  Na+ + OH–
The total neutralization reaction is the following:
Cl– + H3O+ + Na+ + OH–  Na+ + Cl– + 2H2O

6. Acid-Base Reactions, continued
Neutralization reactions form water and a salt.
salt: an ionic compound that forms when a metal atom or a positive radical replaces the hydrogen of an acid
Neutral solutions are not always formed.
The final pH of the solution depends on:
the amounts of acid and base that are combined
the strength of the acid and base

7. Neutralization Reaction

8. Visual Concept: Salt

9. Acid-Base Reactions, continued
Titrations are used to determine concentration.
titration: the process of adding carefully measured amounts of one solution to another solution
equivalence point: the point when the original amount of acid equals the original amount of base added
strong acid with a strong base, equivalence point = pH 7
strong acid with a weak base, equivalence point < pH 7
strong base with a weak acid, equivalence point > pH 7

10. Titration

11. Graphing Skills Interpreting Titration Curves
Hydrochloric acid, HCl, was titrated with potassium hydroxide, KOH. How many moles of KOH were added to reach the equivalence point?

12. Graphing Skills, continued
1. Locate the equivalence point on the graph.
A strong acid was titrated with a strong base. The y-axis indicates the pH, so the equivalence point on the titration curve has a
y-value of 7.
2. Read the moles of KOH from the graph.
The x-axis indicates how many moles of KOH were added. At pH = 7, 0.4 mol of KOH was added.

13. Salts To a chemist, what exactly is a salt?
To a chemist, a salt can be almost any combination of cations and anions, except hydroxides and oxides, which are bases.
Salts have many uses.
Salts are important in the body.

14. Salts, continued
Some Common Salts