1. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zengi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

2. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
Task: Once you are in
And settled…
How much do you know
About Bernard of Clairvaux?
Lets find out…you have
5 minutes!
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zengi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

3. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
The key questions for today’s lesson
What is the concept of Jihad
and how did it apply in the 12th
Century?
How did Zenghi use it to assert
His power in the holy land?
In what ways did Jihad develop
During the course of the
Crusades?
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

4. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
What does “Jihad” mean?
The literal meaning of Jihad is struggle or effort, and it means much more than holy war, Muslims use the word Jihad to describe three different kinds of struggle:
A believer's internal struggle to live out the Muslim faith as well as possible
The struggle to build a good Muslim society
- Holy war: the struggle to defend Islam, with force if necessary
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

5. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
Imad al-Din Zengi
Fall of Edessa leads to new titles
“The Ornament of Islam, the Auxiliary
Of the commander of the faithful” (Caliph)
Mujahid lent religious ideology to
His military power. (Soldier of God)
- Slept in a tent outside city walls + respected women.
Causes of Growth
Push south from Antioch 1098
Marrat massacre 1098
“Why has destiny pronounced
Such an unjust sentence on us?”
Large number of displaced refugees
Demonstrations in Baghdad 1111
Damascus a centre of extremism
1136 Zenghi restores property in Marrat
Chicken or Egg?
Growth of Madrasas in Syria
Cultural and architectural revolution.
Jihad evidence in Syria
Frontier warfare with Outremer
Fear of Franks spread intolerance
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

6. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
What are the key points?
For all his Jihad rhetoric, Zenghi’s interests drew him eastwards away from
The Franks. To construct coalition armies he used Jihad as a mask for diplomacy.
Zenghi stressed the “obligation of holy war” when he was trying to raise an
Army to attack Edessa.
Muslim revival lay in greater political stability and direction of resources.
Jihad provided a respectable ideology for Arab rulers to consolidate power.
After this Jihad conditioned the political elites to accept that, regardless of
Temporary politicking and truces, the Franks were ultimately an eternal enemy
To be expelled.
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

7. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
“Events, not ideas, served as the most effective
recruiting officer for the Second Crusade”
C. Tyreman Gods War 2006
Strengths (Things the statement
Does take into account)
Weaknesses (What the statement
Does not take into account)
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

8. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
“Zengi showed that the jihad was an effective tool. He had the imams proclaim the holy war in sermons and prayers, the matter was discussed in the schools and in princely courts; it was, in short, a propaganda tool. This is not to imply that Zengi was cynical in his use of jihad; on the contrary, he believed strongly in its need. Zengi had given the Turks and Arabs its first permanent victory and a vehicle for achieving more.”
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

9. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
“Events not ideas were the main recruiter for Muslim opposition to the Crusaders”
C Tyreman 2006
What are the strengths and limitations of this interpretation?
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

10. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*

11. LO: To assess whether Milites Christi caused Jihad
Describe the role of Jihad in the 12th Century E-D
Assess the role of Zenghi and Outremer C-B
Compare the importance of Jihad from the Arab perspective A-A*