1. APES POPULATIONS

2. POPULATION ECOLOGY
Studies populations and how these populations interact with the environment
Used to develop conservation
Used to predict the long-term probability of a species
* By understanding the way populations grow and what their needs are, scientists and policy makers can better plan for sustainability of resources needed by a population

3. POPULATIONS
A group of organisms of the same species that inhabits a specific geographic area at the same time
Individuals in a population compete for space, light, air, water, food
Living in groups (flocks , schools) has advantages:
1. increased protection from predators
2. increased chances for mating
3. division of labor

4. POPULATION DISPERSION
*refers to how individual of a population are spaced within a region
*3 ways of dispersion

5. POPULATION DENSITY
Refers to the number of individual of a population that inhabit a specific unit of land or water in the area
*(EX) number of squirrels that inhabit a specific forest
BIRTHS and DEATHS
IMMIGRATION= the # of individuals that enter the population
EMIGRATION= the # of individuals that leave the population

6. DENSITY IS A RESULT OF A DYNAMIC INTERPLAY BETWEEN PROCESSES THAT ADD AND REMOVE INDIVIDUALS IN A POPULATION
Births and immigration add individuals to a population
Deaths and emigration remove individuals from a population

7. LIMITING FACTORS (cause a population to decrease)
DENSITY-DEPENDENT
*predation
*competition for food / space
*disease
*shelter
*build up of toxic materials
DENSITY-INDEPENDENT
(CATASTROPHIC EVENTS)
*FIRE
*STORMS
*EARTHQUAKES
*DROUGHT
*VOLCANIC ERUPTION

8. REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGISTS (2 groups of species based on reproductive strategies)
r – strategists K – strategists____________
*reproduce early in life *reproduce later in life
*mature rapidly/short lived *mature slowly/long lived
*tend to be prey *both predator and prey
*low in food web *high on food web
*produce many offspring *produce few offspring
*low parental care *high parental care
*niche generalists *niche specialists
*density-independent regulated *density-dependent regulated
*generally small *generally large
*EXAMPLES: insects, algae, bacteria, *EXAMPLES: elephants, cacti,
rodents, protozoa, weeds sharks, lions, humans

9. SURVIVORSHIP CURVES (show age distributions, reproduction, and life history) (is measured by how many organisms are able to mature and reproduce
TYPE 1: (LATE LOSS) =reproduction early in life, low mortality rate, high advance age, death during old age
(EX) humans, sheep, elephants, whales
TYPE 2: (CONSTANT LOSS)= all ages uniform death, predation is primary means of death, reach adult stage quickly (EX) birds, lizards, mice, perennial plants
TYPE 3: (EARLY LOSS) = have large number of offspring, death in younger members (EX) trees, insects, fish, oysters

10. CARRYING CAPACITY (K)
Refers to the number of organisms that can be supported in a given area
It is the maximum population size that can sustainably be supported by the available resources in the region
If a population goes over the carrying capacity– death rates become higher than birth rates

11. REGULATING FACTORS OF CARRYING CAPACITY
*food/nutrient availability
*space
*oxygen
*sunlight
*predation

12. FACTORS THAT AFFECT POPULATION GROWTH
INCREASE POPULATION GROWTH
*high birth rate
*generalized niche
*few competitors
*good predatory defense
*able to migrate
*FAVORABLE
ENVIRONMENT:
DECREASE POPULATION GROWTH
*low birth rate
*specialized niche
*many competitors
*unsuitable predatory defense
*unable to migrate
*UNFAVORABLE
ENVIRONMENT:
BIOTIC ABIOTIC
*insufficient lighting *insufficient food
*insufficient temperature *high number of predators
*high incidence of disease
BIOTIC ABIOTIC
*good lighting *sufficient food
*good temperature *low number of predators
*low incidence of disease

13. POPULATION CYCLES 2. PREDATOR – PREY CYCLE BOOM-AND-BUST CYCLE
*common with r –strategist
*rapid increase in population
and then rapid drop off
2. PREDATOR – PREY CYCLE
*rainfall low-> less grass for rabbit -> less food for coyote ->
Less coyotes
*coyote population does not change at exactly the same time as rabbit population

14. BIOTIC POTENTIAL
*is the amount that a population would grow if there were unlimited resources
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BIOTIC POTENTIAL
1. age at reproduction
2. frequency of reproduction
3. number of offspring produced
4. life span

15. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH (J- shape curve)
Occurs when resources are unlimited/unrestricted (not realistic)
Forms a J-shaped curve graph
rN = ΔN/Δt or rN = dN/dt
(r) = rate of growth (N) = number of individuals
(ΔN)= change in number of individuals
(Δt) = change in time

16. LOGISTIC GROWTH (S CURVE)
*when a population grows rapidly, reaches carrying capacity and stabilizes (realistic model)
*the growth rate changes to match the environmental conditions *
*growth rate may show fluctuations around the carrying capacity

17. POPULATION CHANGE and GROWTH RATE
(crude birth rate + immigration) minus (crude death rate + emigration)
EX. A population is 20,000 in 1950.
( ) ( ) = 760
In 1951, the population grew from 20,000 to 20,760
__________________________________________________________________
RATE OF POPULATION CHANGE FORMULA:
GROWTH RATE (%) = BIRTH RATE - DEATH RATE EX =

18. RULE OF 70 *used to predict long term population growth rates
*used to estimate population doubling
*by dividing 70 by current annual % growth rate of population
*(EX) if the growth rate is 5 %, then population will double in 14 years
70/5% = 14 years

19. HUMAN POPULATION
WORLD POPOULATION AS OF March 2014 estimated at 7,152,717,500
BIRTH RATE (CRUDE BIRTH RATE)= is equal to the # of live births per 1000 members of the population per year
DEATH RATE (CRUDE DEATH RATE)= is equal to the # of deaths per 1000 members of the population per year

20. REASONS THE WORLD POPULATION HAS INCREASED: (less deaths)
*INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IMPROVED STANDARD OF LIVING
*DEVELOPMENT OF WATER SOURCES
*BETTER SANITATION
*DEPENDABLE FOOD SUPPLIES
*BETTER HEALTH CARE
*TECHNOLOGY

21. IMPACTS OF INCREASED POPULATION GROWTH
LAND OVERUSE (for food production)
POVERTY
HUNGER (insufficient food production and distribution)
INCREASE DISEASES
POLITICAL INSTABILITY (wars, unemployment, )
PESTILENCE (accumulation of waste)
INCREASE POLLUTION
GLOBAL WARMING (impact of gases and ozone layer)
NATURAL RESOURCE DEPLETION
INCREASE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
ANIMAL AND PLANT EXTINCTION (due to habitat loss)

22. HOW POPULATIONS CHANGE?
*populations can change because of immigration and emigration
*most significant reason for the addition to populations is Births
*Total Fertility Rate (TFR) =describes the number of children a woman will bear in her lifetime
*Replacement Birth Rate (RBR) = describes the number of children a couple must have in order to replace themselves (must compensate for deaths of children and non-child bearing females) ( can be 2.0 – 2.8)
*Fertility is influenced by culture, birth control availability, women’s education

23. ZERO POPULATION GROWTH
RESULTS FROM :
HIGH BIRTH & HIGH DEATH RATES OR
LOW BIRTH & LOW DEATH RATES

24. AGE STRUCTURE PYRAMIDS
*graphs that determine birthrate, generation time, death rate, sex ratios
*they are indicators of future trends in population growth

25. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
*predicts population trends based on birth rates and death rates
*a country’s population will shift from one growth rate type to another
*4 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION TYPES
1. PRE-INDUSTRIAL- slow growth, (high birth and high death),
difficult living, non-developed country.[EX.none today-possibly KENYA]
2. TRANSITIONAL- Fast growth, High birth and less death, better medicine and living conditions, low developing country [EX. EGYPT, INDIA]
3. INDUSTRIAL- slow growth, (low birth and low death),
developing country, [ EX. BRAZIL, MEXICO ]
4. POST- INDUSTRIAL- Zero Population growth, developed country,
[EX. U.S., CANADA, CHINA, U.K.]
5. DECLINING= population declining, fertility rate is below replacement rate,
elderly is greater than youth, [EX. JAPAN, GERMANY, RUSSIA]

26. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL - DTM
PRE-INDUSTRIAL
TRANSITIONAL
INDUSTRIAL
POST-INDUSTRIAL
DECLINING

27. POPULATION PYRAMIDS AND DTM

28. POPULATION PYRAMIDS