1. Soutenance de thèse vendredi 24 novembre 2006, Lorient
Lecture 1
Introduction

2. Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
Soutenance de thèse vendredi 24 novembre 2006, Lorient
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
Basics:
What is DSP?

3. Signal Processing in General
Convert one signal to another (e.g. filter, generate control command, etc. )
Interpretation and information extraction (e.g. speech recognition, machine learning)

4. Digital Signal Processing
Converting a continuously changing waveform (analog) into a series of discrete levels (digital)

5. The analog waveform is sliced into equal segments and the waveform amplitude is measured in the middle of each segment
The collection of measurements make up the digital representation of the waveform

6. Advanced Signal Processing
Why digital?
Flexibility
Programmability
Advanced Signal Processing
Multichannel compression
Precise frequency shaping
Feedback cancellation
Noise reduction
Directional processing

7. Dictionary definitions of the words in DSP:
Digital
operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in the form of numbers
Signal
a variable parameter by which information is conveyed through an electronic circuit
Processing
to perform operations on data according to programmed instructions
So a simple definition of DSP could be:
changing or analysing information which is measured as discrete sequences of numbers

8. Why Learn DSP?: Impacts all aspects of modern life
Telecommunications
Communications (wireless, internet, GPS...)
Control and monitoring (cars, machines...)
Multimedia (mp3, cameras, videos, restoration ...)
Health (medical devices, imaging....)
Economy (stock market, prediction)
–More....

15. A to D Converter D to A Converter Sampling Quantization Aliasing
DSP Buzzwords
A to D Converter
D to A Converter
Sampling
Quantization
Aliasing
Anti-aliasing filter
Algorithm
Oversampling

16. Fundamental concepts in DSP
DSP applications deal with analogue signals
the analogue signal has to be converted to digital form

17. Analog-to Digital Conversion
infinitely detailed
continuous in time
continuous in amplitude
Digital
discrete numbers
discrete in time
discrete in amplitude
Challenge: a digital representation that adequately maps the analog values.

18. Analog-to Digital Conversion
ADC consists of four steps to digitize an analog signal:
Filtering
Sampling
Quantization
Binary encoding
Before we sample, we have to filter the signal to limit the maximum frequency of the signal as it affects the sampling rate.
Filtering should ensure that we do not distort the signal, ie remove high frequency components that affect the signal shape.

19. Analog-to Digital Conversion
Continuous (analog) signal ↔ Discrete signal x(t) = f(t) ↔ Analog to digital conversion ↔ x(n) = x(1), x(2), x(3), ... x(n)

20. Analog-to-Digital Conversion
Discrete
Digital

21. Sampling Process Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency.
Analog Signal
Sampling Interval
(Ts)
Sampled Numbers

23. Sampling Theorem
According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be
at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the signal.
Fs  2fm

24. Quantization The sampled values are converted into bit representation.
amplitude values ranging between two limits: a min and a max.
We need to map the infinite amplitude values onto a finite set of known values.
This is achieved by dividing the distance between min and max into L zones, each of height 
 = (max - min)/L

25. Quantization Levels
The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from 0 to L-1 (resulting in L values)
Each sample falling in a zone is then approximated to the value of the midpoint.

26. We want to use L=8 quantization levels.
Quantization Zones
Assume we have a voltage signal with amplitutes Vmin=-20V and Vmax=+20V.
We want to use L=8 quantization levels.
Zone width = ( )/8 = 5
The 8 zones are: -20 to -15, -15 to -10, -10 to -5, -5 to 0, 0 to +5, +5 to +10, +10 to +15, +15 to +20
The midpoints are: -17.5, -12.5, -7.5, -2.5, 2.5, 7.5, 12.5, 17.5

27. Assigning Codes to Zones
Each zone is then assigned a binary code.
The number of bits required to encode the zones is obtained as follows:
nb = log2L

28. The more zones, the smaller  which results in smaller errors.
Quantization Error
When a signal is quantized, we introduce an error - the coded signal is an approximation of the actual amplitude value.
The difference between actual and coded value (midpoint) is referred to as the quantization error.
The more zones, the smaller  which results in smaller errors.
BUT, the more zones the more bits required to encode the samples -> higher bit rate

29. Analog-to-digital Conversion
Example An 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) advertises an accuracy of ± the least significant bit (LSB). If the input range of the ADC is 0 to 10 volts, what is the accuracy of the ADC in analog volts?
Solution: If the input range is 10 volts then the analog voltage represented by the LSB would be:
Hence the accuracy would be ± volts.

30. Steps for digitization/reconstruction of a signal
Band limiting (LPF)
Sampling / Holding
Quantization
Coding
These are basic steps for A/D conversion
D/A converter
Sampling / Holding
Image rejection
These are basic steps for reconstructing a sampled digital signal