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Chapter 5 APUSH Mrs. Price

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1 Chapter 5 APUSH Mrs. Price
“Loyalty to the country always. Loyalty to the government when it deserves it.” – Mark Twain

2 2nd Continental Congress
May 1775 Picked G.Washington as head of army Olive Branch Petition: appeal to King Declaration of the Causes & Necessity of Taking Up Arms After Lexington & Concord in April 1775 about 20,000 Minutemen congregated near Boston Selection of Washington was somewhat political – Northerners wanted to bring VA into war Adopted measures to raise $ & create an army & navy Olive Branch Petition: Written by John Dickinson Last ditch efforts by moderates to prevent an all-out war Pledged loyalty to crown; sought to restore peace Appealed to George III to intercede with Parliament to reconsider the Coercive Acts King refused to recognize Continental Congress Declaration of the Causes & Necessities of Taking Up Arms: Written by Dickinson & Jefferson 2nd set of appeals to King & British people Intermediate step towards Dec. of Independence

3 Early Battles Ticonderoga & Crown Point - May 1775
- Surprise attacks by Americans - Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold Take place in New England Tiny forces under Ethan Allen & his Green Mountain Boys of VT & Benedict Arnold of Connecticut surprised & captured British garrisons

4 - Bloodiest battle in war
Early Battles cont. Bunker Hill - June 17, 1775 - Battle was a draw but seen as American win due to heavy British losses - Bloodiest battle in war *** King proclaims colonies in rebellion; hires Hessians Bunker Hill Colonials seized Breed’s Hill – commanded a strong position overlooking Boston Over 1,000 oncoming redcoats were mowed down by 1500 American sharpshooters in a frontal attack Americans had 140 killed & 441 wounded Americans ran out of gunpowder and were forced to abandon the hill Viewed as an American victory due to heavy losses suffered by Britain British Army left Boston to conduct the war from NY King proclaims colonies in rebellion (Aug 23, 1775) – basically a declaration of war Hires 18,000 Hessians (German mercenary soldiers) – shocking Americans Hessians were known for their brutality

5 Independence vs. Loyalty
Many Americans did not want independence Attitudes change during first year of war - High costs (human & financial) Many were proud to be British citizens Reasons for shift of loyalty: Hiring of Hessians Burning of Falmouth, (Portland, Maine Oct 1775) & Norfolk (Jan 1776) by British Governor of VA promised freedom to slaves who would fight for the British – persuaded many southern elite to join New England in the war effort

6 British recruited Hessians, Indians, & slaves
King George III rejected Olive Branch petition Parliament passed Prohibitory Act (blockade)

7 Loyalists vs. Patriots War divided families: e.g. Ben Franklin & his son William

8 Loyalists About 20% of population
Older, wealthy, educated, conservative Anglican Few in New England 80,000 fled; land is taken & sold to support the war 50,000 fought for British Were called Tories Feared Mob rule Included king’s officers & anyone who benefitted from crown, Anglican clergy Influential in NY, Charleston, PA, & NJ Not as successful in gaining allegiance of neutral colonists

9 Patriots Most numerous in New England Minority movement
Better at gaining support Younger generation Called Whigs (after British opposition party)

10 Common Sense Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine Published early 1776
Over 100,000 sold Effective propaganda, very influential Reasons for independence Instant best seller in colonies Main ideas: Britain’s colonial policies were inconsistent; independence was only course Nowhere in the physical universe did a smaller heavenly body control a larger one. Why should tiny England control huge North America? King was the “Royal Brute of Great Britain” America had a sacred mission; moral obligation to the world to set up an independent democratic republic

11 Declaration of Independence
Congress appoints committee to prepare statement on independence Largely written by T.Jefferson Signed on July 2, 1776 (adopted July 4) Reasons why America became a separate nation Jun 7, 1776: Richard Lee Henry proposed independence Other members of committee: B. Franklin, J. Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston Congress approved on July 2nd; final editing was completed & final draft was approved on July 4th

12 Declaration cont. Used John Locke’s social contract theory
Listed 27 grievances with the King Officially broke ties with England Opened the way for foreign aid Encouraged patriots to keep fighting Preamble used John Locke’s social contract theory Stated the rights of colonists to break away if natural rights were not protected: life, liberty, & pursuit of happiness (property in Locke) All men are created equal 27 grievances of the colonies Charged King with imposing taxes without colonists’ consent, eliminating trial by jury, military dictatorship, maintaining standing armies in peacetime, cutting off trade, burning towns, hiring mercenaries

13 War in 1776-1777 Focus on mid-Atlantic States Battle of Long Island
- Summer & Fall 1776 - Washington’s army escapes to Manhattan, then NJ - British miss opportunity to crush Americans July 1776: British focus on NY for HQ British send 500 ships & 35,000 men Washington only had 18,000 men – defeated at Battle of Long Island – escaped to Manhattan Island, crossed the Hudson River to New Jersey

14 Battle of Trenton Dec. 1776 Washington crosses the Delaware
Continental army surprises and captures 1,000 Hessians at Trenton Dec 26, 1776: Washington crosses the Delaware River After the victory, Washington left his campfires burning as a trick, slipped away & defeated a smaller British detachment at Princeton

15 Battle of Princeton Jan 1777 Washington defeats small British force
Trenton & Princeton help American morale One week after Trenton

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17 Battle of Saratoga Most important battle of A.Revolution
British tried to capture New York & cut New England off from the rest Burgoyne (British) surrendered entire force Oct 1777 Decisive battle France enters war against Britain (Franco-American Alliance 1778) Plan to sever New England from rest of colonies: General Burgoyne would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada General Howe’s troops in NY could advance up the Hudson & meet Burgoyne in Albany A third & smaller British force commanded by Colonel Barry St. Ledger would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario & the Mohawk Valley Benedict Arnold & his makeshift navy helped delay Burgoyne’s force General Howe attacked Philadelphia instead of starting up the Hudson General Burgoyne was forced to surrender to American General Horatio Gates Franco-American Alliance: promised Americans recognition of independence; both sides agreed to fight until US won its freedom or until both agreed to terms with Britain Americans were a little hesitant – France was strongly Roman Catholic France traditional enemy of Britain

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19 Valley Forge Winter 1777-78 Washington & troops spend winter in PA
Horrible conditions Army improved by Prussian Baron von Steuben Showed American resolve Supplies were scarce Prussian von Steuben helped train American troops

20 Important Help from Abroad
Baron Von Steuben Marquis de Lafayette: helped US get financial aid from France Marquis de Lafayette

21 Articles of Confederation
Adopted 1777, went into effect 1781 Created to create a lasting govt Congress could: borrow $, conduct war, handle foreign relations Could not: regulate trade, levy taxes, draft troops

22 War on the Frontier & at Sea
Indian allies of Britain attacked frontier settlements American Privateers: privately owned ships authorized by Congress to attack enemy ships American Navy - John Paul Jones - Destroyed British merchant shipping 1777: Bloody year – Indians went on scalping spree – believed British would stop Americans from expanding into Indian territory (PA, NY) American Privateers: Brought in gold Harassed the British Increased American morale by providing American victories

23 1778: Britain focused on South
Savannah taken by British in late 1778 – early 1779 Charleston taken in 1780 Nathanael Greene: helped defeat British in GA & SC British (Cornwallis) abandoned southern strategy & fell back to Yorktown 1780: General Benedict Arnold turned traitor; felt underappreciated by Washington, lured by gold; tried to help British capture West Point – fled to Britain British Plan: capture the colonies from South up

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25 Yorktown 1781 French (de Grasse) blockaded Chesapeake Bay, British ships unable to enter Washington’s troops marched 300+ miles from NY French (Rochambeau) & American troops attacked British by land Cornwallis retreats to Chesapeake Bay to get reinforcements but this proves to be a horrible mistake

26 Yorktown cont. Oct 19: Cornwallis surrendered entire force of 7,000
War continued for 1 more year in South

27 Treaty of Paris of 1783 Britain recognizes US independence
New boundaries for US American concessions: paying back creditors, restore Loyalist property Loyalists could not be further persecuted

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29 Soldiers Over 250,000 Americans fought 25,000 US deaths
1 in 16 American males of military age died 50,000 died fighting for British Most fighting done by poorest Americans

30 Soldiers cont. African Americans fought on both sides
- 5,000 in Continental Army & 30,000 in British Army Native Americans fought with British Women traveled with army as cooks & nurses; managed farms & businesses


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