1. Chapter 5 APUSH Mrs. Price
“Loyalty to the country always. Loyalty to the government when it deserves it.” – Mark Twain

2. 2nd Continental Congress
May 1775
Picked G.Washington as head of army
Olive Branch Petition: appeal to King
Declaration of the Causes & Necessity of Taking Up Arms
After Lexington & Concord in April 1775 about 20,000 Minutemen congregated near Boston
Selection of Washington was somewhat political – Northerners wanted to bring VA into war
Adopted measures to raise $ & create an army & navy
Olive Branch Petition:
Written by John Dickinson
Last ditch efforts by moderates to prevent an all-out war
Pledged loyalty to crown; sought to restore peace
Appealed to George III to intercede with Parliament to reconsider the Coercive Acts
King refused to recognize Continental Congress
Declaration of the Causes & Necessities of Taking Up Arms:
Written by Dickinson & Jefferson
2nd set of appeals to King & British people
Intermediate step towards Dec. of Independence

3. Early Battles Ticonderoga & Crown Point - May 1775
- Surprise attacks by Americans
- Ethan Allen & Benedict Arnold
Take place in New England
Tiny forces under Ethan Allen & his Green Mountain Boys of VT & Benedict Arnold of Connecticut surprised & captured British garrisons

4. - Bloodiest battle in war
Early Battles cont.
Bunker Hill
- June 17, 1775
- Battle was a draw but seen as American win due to heavy British losses
- Bloodiest battle in war
*** King proclaims colonies in rebellion; hires Hessians
Bunker Hill
Colonials seized Breed’s Hill – commanded a strong position overlooking Boston
Over 1,000 oncoming redcoats were mowed down by 1500 American sharpshooters in a frontal attack
Americans had 140 killed & 441 wounded
Americans ran out of gunpowder and were forced to abandon the hill
Viewed as an American victory due to heavy losses suffered by Britain
British Army left Boston to conduct the war from NY
King proclaims colonies in rebellion (Aug 23, 1775) – basically a declaration of war
Hires 18,000 Hessians (German mercenary soldiers) – shocking Americans
Hessians were known for their brutality

5. Independence vs. Loyalty
Many Americans did not want independence
Attitudes change during first year of war
- High costs (human & financial)
Many were proud to be British citizens
Reasons for shift of loyalty:
Hiring of Hessians
Burning of Falmouth, (Portland, Maine Oct 1775) & Norfolk (Jan 1776) by British
Governor of VA promised freedom to slaves who would fight for the British – persuaded many southern elite to join New England in the war effort

6. British recruited Hessians, Indians, & slaves
King George III rejected Olive Branch petition
Parliament passed Prohibitory Act (blockade)

7. Loyalists vs. Patriots
War divided families: e.g. Ben Franklin & his son William

8. Loyalists About 20% of population
Older, wealthy, educated, conservative
Anglican
Few in New England
80,000 fled; land is taken & sold to support the war
50,000 fought for British
Were called Tories
Feared Mob rule
Included king’s officers & anyone who benefitted from crown, Anglican clergy
Influential in NY, Charleston, PA, & NJ
Not as successful in gaining allegiance of neutral colonists

9. Patriots Most numerous in New England Minority movement
Better at gaining support
Younger generation
Called Whigs (after British opposition party)

10. Common Sense Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine Published early 1776
Over 100,000 sold
Effective propaganda, very influential
Reasons for independence
Instant best seller in colonies
Main ideas:
Britain’s colonial policies were inconsistent; independence was only course
Nowhere in the physical universe did a smaller heavenly body control a larger one. Why should tiny England control huge North America?
King was the “Royal Brute of Great Britain”
America had a sacred mission; moral obligation to the world to set up an independent democratic republic

11. Declaration of Independence
Congress appoints committee to prepare statement on independence
Largely written by T.Jefferson
Signed on July 2, 1776 (adopted July 4)
Reasons why America became a separate nation
Jun 7, 1776: Richard Lee Henry proposed independence
Other members of committee: B. Franklin, J. Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston
Congress approved on July 2nd; final editing was completed & final draft was approved on July 4th

12. Declaration cont. Used John Locke’s social contract theory
Listed 27 grievances with the King
Officially broke ties with England
Opened the way for foreign aid
Encouraged patriots to keep fighting
Preamble used John Locke’s social contract theory
Stated the rights of colonists to break away if natural rights were not protected: life, liberty, & pursuit of happiness (property in Locke)
All men are created equal
27 grievances of the colonies
Charged King with imposing taxes without colonists’ consent, eliminating trial by jury, military dictatorship, maintaining standing armies in peacetime, cutting off trade, burning towns, hiring mercenaries

13. War in 1776-1777 Focus on mid-Atlantic States Battle of Long Island
- Summer & Fall 1776
- Washington’s army escapes to Manhattan, then NJ
- British miss opportunity to crush Americans
July 1776:
British focus on NY for HQ
British send 500 ships & 35,000 men
Washington only had 18,000 men – defeated at Battle of Long Island – escaped to Manhattan Island, crossed the Hudson River to New Jersey

14. Battle of Trenton Dec. 1776 Washington crosses the Delaware
Continental army surprises and captures 1,000 Hessians at Trenton
Dec 26, 1776: Washington crosses the Delaware River
After the victory, Washington left his campfires burning as a trick, slipped away & defeated a smaller British detachment at Princeton

15. Battle of Princeton Jan 1777 Washington defeats small British force
Trenton & Princeton help American morale
One week after Trenton

17. Battle of Saratoga Most important battle of A.Revolution
British tried to capture New York & cut New England off from the rest
Burgoyne (British) surrendered entire force Oct 1777
Decisive battle
France enters war against Britain (Franco-American Alliance 1778)
Plan to sever New England from rest of colonies:
General Burgoyne would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada
General Howe’s troops in NY could advance up the Hudson & meet Burgoyne in Albany
A third & smaller British force commanded by Colonel Barry St. Ledger would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario & the Mohawk Valley
Benedict Arnold & his makeshift navy helped delay Burgoyne’s force
General Howe attacked Philadelphia instead of starting up the Hudson
General Burgoyne was forced to surrender to American General Horatio Gates
Franco-American Alliance: promised Americans recognition of independence; both sides agreed to fight until US won its freedom or until both agreed to terms with Britain
Americans were a little hesitant – France was strongly Roman Catholic
France traditional enemy of Britain

19. Valley Forge Winter 1777-78 Washington & troops spend winter in PA
Horrible conditions
Army improved by Prussian Baron von Steuben
Showed American resolve
Supplies were scarce
Prussian von Steuben helped train American troops

20. Important Help from Abroad
Baron Von Steuben
Marquis de Lafayette: helped US get financial aid from France
Marquis de Lafayette

21. Articles of Confederation
Adopted 1777, went into effect 1781
Created to create a lasting govt
Congress could: borrow $, conduct war, handle foreign relations
Could not: regulate trade, levy taxes, draft troops

22. War on the Frontier & at Sea
Indian allies of Britain attacked frontier settlements
American Privateers: privately owned ships authorized by Congress to attack enemy ships
American Navy
- John Paul Jones
- Destroyed British merchant shipping
1777: Bloody year – Indians went on scalping spree – believed British would stop Americans from expanding into Indian territory (PA, NY)
American Privateers:
Brought in gold
Harassed the British
Increased American morale by providing American victories

23. 1778: Britain focused on South
Savannah taken by British in late 1778 – early 1779
Charleston taken in 1780
Nathanael Greene: helped defeat British in GA & SC
British (Cornwallis) abandoned southern strategy & fell back to Yorktown
1780: General Benedict Arnold turned traitor; felt underappreciated by Washington, lured by gold; tried to help British capture West Point – fled to Britain
British Plan: capture the colonies from South up

25. Yorktown
1781
French (de Grasse) blockaded Chesapeake Bay, British ships unable to enter
Washington’s troops marched 300+ miles from NY
French (Rochambeau) & American troops attacked British by land
Cornwallis retreats to Chesapeake Bay to get reinforcements but this proves to be a horrible mistake

26. Yorktown cont. Oct 19: Cornwallis surrendered entire force of 7,000
War continued for 1 more year in South

27. Treaty of Paris of 1783 Britain recognizes US independence
New boundaries for US
American concessions: paying back creditors, restore Loyalist property
Loyalists could not be further persecuted

29. Soldiers Over 250,000 Americans fought 25,000 US deaths
1 in 16 American males of military age died
50,000 died fighting for British
Most fighting done by poorest Americans

30. Soldiers cont. African Americans fought on both sides
- 5,000 in Continental Army & 30,000 in British Army
Native Americans fought with British
Women traveled with army as cooks & nurses; managed farms & businesses