1. Properties of Carbon

2. Atomic Structure
Nucleus is made up of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus

3. Atom Interactions Atoms join together to make molecules
Two types of bonds:
Ionic-Atoms donate or accept electrons
Covalent-Atoms share electrons
*Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds!

4. Atom Interactions

5. Characteristics of Molecules
Polarity-unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
End up with a slight positive side and a slight negative side
Polarity can be caused by some atoms being much larger than other atoms in the molecule
Electrons spend more time around a bigger nucleus

6. Characteristics of Molecules

7. Chemical Formula There are 3 parts to a chemical formula:
There are 3 Na and 6 O in this molecule

8. Chemical Formula
Molecule: 2 or more elements chemically bonded together.
Can be the same element or different elements
Symbols with 2 letters have an upper case followed by a lower case
Coefficient: big # in front of a compound or element
Subscript: Small number after an element or molecule

9. Chemical Formula

10. Chemical Reactions
When some molecules are placed together, chemical reactions may occur. This makes NEW compounds!

11. Chemical Reactions Reactants-Molecules going INTO a reaction
Products-Molecules coming OUT of a reaction
Matter is neither created or destroyed! This means that your reactions must be balanced!
# of atoms on reactant side = # of atoms on product side

12. Balancing Chemical Equations

13. Carbon Properties Most abundant atom in living things
Makes 4 strong covalent bonds
Allows for a variety of different shapes of molecules
Leads to a variety of functions
Makes up important biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Organic compounds

14. Carbon Properties
Most atoms want 4 valence electrons in their outer shell
Carbon has 4 which means it can make 4 more bonds to get to 8
Can form rings, chains or branched molecules

15. Carbon in ALL Living Things
The 4 major biochemical compounds:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
They ALL contain carbon
They are involved in ALL life processes
Ex: using food for energy, giving structure to cells, transmitting information, storing genetic information

16. Biogeochemical Cycles
Recycle matter between organisms and the environment

17. The Carbon Cycle

18. The Carbon Cycle Processes Involved: Carbon Exchanged Between:
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Digestion of plant matter
Decomposition
Combustion
Biosphere
Atmosphere
Oceans
Geosphere

19. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

20. Photosynthesis
Uses the energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy sugars and oxygen
Plants do this!

21. Cellular Respiration
Releases energy by breaking down glucose (or other food molecules) in the presence of oxygen
Responsible for most of our stored energy
All living things do this!

22. Carbon Cycle LINKS Photosynthesis to Cellular Respiration
The products of photosynthesis are required for cellular respiration
The products of cellular respiration are required for photosynthesis

24. Water Cycle

25. Oxygen Cycle