1. INTRO TO INTERNAL SYSTEMS
Chapters 8, 9, and 10

2. Organization of Internal Systems
Tissues: a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function.
An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning together for a common purpose. 
Ex. the liver, lungs, heart, even your skin is an organ. 

3. Organization of Internal Systems
Organ systems are composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function. 
10 major organ systems in the human body: skeletal, muscular, nervous, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic.

5. The Digestive System

6. Obtaining and Processing Food
All organisms, regardless of their size or complexity, must have a way of obtaining essential nutrients
Essential nutrients: the basic raw materials they need to make their own structures, perform their life functions, and obtain energy for survival

7. Types of Digestion Intracellular digestion: Digestion inside the cell
Phagocytosis - cell engulfs the food
Ex: single-celled organisms (paramecium, amoeba)‏
Extracellular digestion:
Digestion outside the cells
Food enters a tube and exits from the other end
Ex: most animals, human digestive tract

8. Mechanical Digestion
The physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller ones.
Achieved through chewing, mashing, chopping, breaking food into smaller pieces.
This increases the surface area of the food, allowing more enzymes to come into contact with the food.

9. Chemical Digestion
The chemical breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones:
Carbohydrates: polysaccharides (starch) are broken into monosaccharides (simple sugars)‏
Proteins: are broken down into amino acids
Lipids: (mainly triglycerides) are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol
Note: Food particles are broken down by enzymes. Each enzyme has a pH at which it performs best.

10. The digestive system
The digestive system is used for breaking down food into nutrients which then pass into the circulatory system and are taken to where they are needed in the body.

11. Stages of food processing
There are four stages to food processing:
Ingestion: taking in food
Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells
Egestion: removing any leftover wastes

12. Human Digestive System
Begins when food enters the mouth (oral cavity).
It is physically broken down by the teeth (mechanical).
It is chemically broken down by enzymes released from the salivary glands.

13. Human Digestive System
The tongue moves the food around until it forms a ball called a bolus.
The bolus is passed to the pharynx (throat) and the epiglottis makes sure the bolus passes into the esophagus and not down the trachea!

14. Human Digestive System
The bolus passes down the esophagus by peristalsis.
Peristalsis is a wave of muscular contractions that push the bolus down towards the stomach.

15. Human Digestive System
To enter the stomach, the bolus must pass through the lower esophageal sphincter, a tight muscle that keeps stomach acid out of the esophagus.

16. Human Digestive System
The stomach has folds called rugae and is a big muscular pouch which churns the bolus (physical digestion).
The bolus is mixed with gastric juice, a mixture of stomach acid and enzymes (chemical digestion).

17. Human Digestive System
The stomach does do some absorption too.
Some medicines (i.e. aspirin), water and alcohol are all absorbed through the stomach.
The digested bolus is now called chyme and it leaves the stomach by passing through the pyloric sphincter.

18. Human Digestive System
Food is now in the small intestine.
The majority of absorption occurs here.
The liver and pancreas help the small intestine to maximize absorption.
The small intestine is broken down into three parts:

19. Human Digestive System
Duodenum
Bile enters through the bile duct. It breaks down fats.
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice to reduce the acidity of the chyme.

20. Human Digestive System
Jejunum
The jejunum is where the majority of absorption takes place.
It has tiny finger-like projections called villi lining it, which increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients.

21. Human Digestive System
Each villi itself has tiny fingerlike projections called microvilli, which further increase the surface area for absorption.

22. Human Digestive System
Ileum
The last portion of the small intestine is the ileum, which has fewer villi and basically compacts the leftovers to pass through the caecum into the large intestine.

23. Human Digestive System
The large intestine (or colon) is used to absorb water from the waste material leftover and to produce vitamin K and some B vitamins using the helpful bacteria that live here.

24. Human Digestive System
All leftover waste is compacted and stored at the end of the large intestine called the rectum.
When full, the anal sphincter loosens and the waste, called feces, passes out of the body through the anus.