1.     Information Literacy Internet searches, Web Site Validation and Copyright*        Created by Madison Library Media Specialists

2. WEB SEARCH TOOLS SEARCH ENGINES GOOGLE BING YAHOO DOG PILE
SEARCH ENGINES
GOOGLE  
BING 
YAHOO
DOG PILE    
AWESOME LIBRARY
What do you think of when I say the words "search engine"? You probably think of Google- the most popular search engine on the Web today. You probably also use other search engines, like Yahoo, Dog Pile, and Awesome Library.
We want to teach you to effectively search the Web  
and evaluate information on the Web.
Dogpile is a metasearch engine that fetches results from Google, Yahoo!, Bing, Ask.com, About.com and several other popular search engines.
Awesome Library organizes the Web with 37,000 carefully reviewed resources, including the top 5 percent in education.

3. will search for peace in only sites with .gov domain
  DOMAIN TYPES
            - .com
               - .net
               - .org
          - .edu
               - .gov
               - .mil
               - .k12 
Example    
peace site:.gov
will search for peace in only sites with .gov domain 
TRY IT
First, there are a number of categories of Web sites, each called a domain.  The most common domain types are these shown here.  
A .com is usually a commercial site. 
A .net is usually an ISP (Internet Service Provider) for individual's personal accounts, such as and access to the internet.
A. .org is usually a nonprofit organization.
A .edu is usually an educational institution.
A .gov is usually a U. S. government site.
A .mil is usually the U. S. military.
A .K12 is usually a K12 school.
These domain types should help you know if a Web site is reputable. However, the domains are not enforced by any agency so they are not ALWAYS what they would seem.

4. SEARCHING THE WEB BASIC - KEYWORD - SIMPLE PHRASE
        
BASIC
    - KEYWORD 
    
    - SIMPLE PHRASE
We should begin with basic Web searching. Do some of you jump into searching without giving it much thought?  
Better results if you type in a keyword or simple phrase. When using Google, every word matters. Generally, all the words you put in the query will be used. Searches in Google are always case insensitive and punctation is ignored. Here are a few tips for better searches: 
Keep it simple! Most queries do not require advanced operators or unusual syntax.
Think how the page you are looking for will be written. Use the words that are most likely to appear on the page.
Describe what you need with as few terms as possible. Remember, each additional word limits the results.
Choose descriptive words. The more unique the word is the more likely you are to get relevant results.
A basic search result will include a title that links to the webpage, a short description or an actual excerpt from the webpage, and the page's URL.
If students are not finding what they need, they may need to try synonyms for the keyword, broader or narrower topics, or related topics, which leads us to advanced searching.

5. Martin Luther King AND Civil Rights
  SEARCHING THE WEB
     ADVANCED-
            "Boolean" 
        
        AND operator  
                 
            - Searches for ALL of the 
               search words
            - Limits the number of hits
- Google defaults to this
Example
          
Martin Luther King AND Civil Rights
Advanced searching is known as "Boolean."  Often when students are searching the web they can get hundreds of sites.  That can be overwhelming.  Boolean search terms help to narrow the number of hits.
You can narrow your search by including the words and, or, not.
Use the word AND when you want all of the search terms.  An example of this is when you want information on both whales AND dolphins, tornados AND hurricanes, or crocodiles AND alligators.
(Choose one of these topics and show an example book.)

6. Martin Luther King OR Civil Rights
SEARCHING THE WEB
 ADVANCED   
OR operator  
             
       - Searches for SOME or ALL  
        of the search words
      - Expands the number of hits
Example
Martin Luther King OR Civil Rights
When using the OR operator you actually expand the number of hits.  If you enter "whales OR dolphins" you will get hits on whales and hits on dolphins.
(Show separate books on the topic you chose such as books on dolphins and books on whales.)

7. Martin Luther King NOT civil rights
  SEARCHING THE WEB
   ADVANCED
NOT operator
                - AKA the garbage eliminator
            - Limits the number of hits
            - Eliminates a lot of non-
                useful hits
Example
Martin Luther King NOT civil rights
The NOT operator is helpful because it eliminates a lot of non-useful hits.  To continue with our example you could enter dolphins NOT whales.  This operator would result in websites on dolphins and none on whales.

8. SEARCHING THE WEB Search tools insert DEFAULT operators between words.
                - Sometimes AND
                - Sometimes OR
                - If you are not certain, try 
                    sample searches and see
                    what happens!         
When you search, Google automatically inserts default operators between words. However, searches are rarely absolute. All search engines, like Google, use a variety of techniques to imitate how people think and to approximate their behavior. It may be helpful to tell your students if the first couple of results on the search results page do not look like what they need, they should try another search.

9. SEARCHING THE WEB * Word stemming or truncation
Word stemming
            or truncation
        - Usually an asterisk (*)
        - Expands the number
           of hits _
Example
Google automatically uses word stemming technology. When appropriate, it will search not only for your search terms, but also for words that are similar to some or all of the terms. Special characters can also be used to expand the number of hits and help you find better results.
The most commonly used character is an asterisk *, also called a wildcard. It tells Google to try to treat the star as a placeholder (fill in the blank) for unknown terms and then find the best matches. For example, if you type Obama voted * on the * bill you will get stories about different votes on different bills.
A few other special characters include:
A tilde ~ before a search term (with no space) tells Google to look for synonyms of the search term.  Helpful when you don’t know what keywords to use. Ex: ~cell phone
 A plus sign + (with no space) before a search term is like quotation marks. It tells Google to search for the exact terms, no synonyms.
 A minus sign - before a word indicates that you do not want pages that include that specific word. For example, jaguar -cars -football will help you find results on the animal jaguar, not the car or football team. Type a space before the hyphen, but not after.
An ellipsis will give you results between certain years. Ex: Germany
  *
Example ~
Example +
. . .
Example
Example

10. SEARCHING THE WEB Phrase Searching - Usually surrounded by
       quotation marks (" ")
-Can also use + immediately before words
    - Limits the number of hits
    - Sometimes too restrictive
Example 1
Example 2
      
Another way to limit your search on the web is with phrases.  When you enter a phrase in quotation marks, the search engine looks for those words in order.  An example of this could be "football players."  You would get hits on "football players" not just on football and not just about players.  If you don't get enough results then you can try football AND players.

11. SEARCHING THE WEB Looking within your results searches that page
    - Find command
       searches that page
        for occurrences of a
        word or phrase
        - Under Edit Menu - Find
        - Remember CTRL + F
Example
Once you open a site on your topic, you can use the find command.  This will highlight your search term within the article.  You can go to FIND under the Edit menu or you can use Control and the F key.  Edit> Find “war”

12. Root Zone Data Base For a Global Perspective:
To find information from other countries you must first locate the country code. 
Google search:
root zone db
site:.uk world war II
This will give you Britain's perspective of WWII.

13. Are you aware of Filter Bubbles?

14. Evaluating Websites The Trust Test
The Trust Test
The Trust Test can be found your school library's web site.

15. TRUST TEST: Do you TRUST...... ~WHO wrote it? ~WHAT they wrote?
                         Do you TRUST......
                     ~WHO wrote it?
                     ~WHAT they wrote?
                     ~WHERE it came from?
                     ~WHEN  it was updated?
                     ~HOW it is designed?

16. Do you TRUST.....
~WHO wrote it?
 creator name
 sources cited
~WHAT it says?
 valuable information
 limited advertisement
~WHEN it was updated?
 current information
~WHERE it came from?
contact information
~How it is designed?
easy to read
 well organized
 no fees or personal information

17. Tried and True:
Are you familiar with the website creator from other school projects?
Has your teacher recommended this site as one to use?
Remember to always be aware of the tilde (~) in the URL address
Is this person an expert in their field?
The tilde (~) indicates it is a personal web site.

18. Responsible:
Did the website creator cite any sources for the information presented on the site?
Is there any chance the creator could be showing bias in the information you find off the website? If so, you need to note this if you choose to use this source.
Consider if you are presenting two points of view.  Are you accurately representing both sides?

19. Useful:
Sites used for class projects and papers should have been created for educational, not commercial purposes.  This should be easy to determine.
Make sure it’s written so that YOU understand the information.

20. Stable:
Wikis, blogs, and other Web 2.0 tools are not reliable educational sources. 
Anything found on these sites should be fact-checked with at least two other sources.

21. Timely
Websites can become out of date, so be sure to note when a site was last updated.

22. Tried and true?
Responsible?
Useful?
Stable?
Timely?

23. Let's try it out! Website 1 - Tree Octopus Website 2 - Diabetes
Website 1 - Tree Octopus   
Website 2 - Diabetes
Tree octopus will FAIL the trust test due to it not being used for educational reasons.  If you are on the main page, look at the very bottom of the page...It will state its purpose.
For the 2nd website, I will use the American Diabetes Association website.  This website WILL PASS.

24.  Copyright
First copyright law was enacted in 1790.

25. Copyright is the legal right given to authors of original works
 What is copyright?
Copyright is the legal right given to authors of original works

26. This right allows authors exclusive rights over works they created
 Copyright
This right allows authors exclusive rights over works they created

27. Pictorial, graphic, and scupltural works Sound recording
 What is protected?
Literary works
Musical works
Dramatic works
Computer software
Pictorial, graphic, and scupltural works
Sound recording
Motion pictures, and audiovistual works
Pantomimed & choreographed works
literary works - both fiction and nonfiction, including books, periodicals, manuscripts, computer programs, manuals, phonorecords, film, audiotapes, and computer disks
musical works -- and accompanying words -- songs, operas, and musical plays
dramatic works -- including music - plays and dramatic readings
pantomimed and choreographed works
pictorial, graphics, and sculptural works -- final and applied arts, photographs, prints and art reproductions, maps, globes, charts, technical drawings, diagrams, and models
motion pictures and audiovisual works - slide/tape, multimedia presentations, filmstrips, films, and videos
sound recordings and records - tapes, cassettes, and computer disks

28. Permission granted by author Legal exception Fair Use
 Right to Copy
Work in public domain
Government documents
Works with expired copyright
Works with no existing copyright
Works published over 75 years ago
Permission granted by author
Legal exception
Fair Use
public domain -- work belonging to the public as a whole--government documents and works, works with an expired copyright or no existing protection, and works published over 75 years ago;
permission -- prior approval for the proposed use by the copyright owner;
legal exception -- use constitutes an exemption to copyright protection--parody, for example

29.  Fair Use
Allows the limited use of portions of material that has copyright without the permission from the owner

30. Criticism Comment News reporting Teaching Scholarship Research
 Fair Use
Can be used for the purpose of:
Criticism
Comment
News reporting
Teaching
Scholarship
Research

31. Section 107 provides for four considerations in determining fair use
 Copyright Act
Section 107 provides for four considerations in determining fair use
Non-profit educational purposes
Nature of copyrighted work
Amount and substantiality of portions used in relation to the work as a whole
The effect that the use will have on the potential market of the copyrighted work
All four factors must be balanced and considered
Purpose of use: Copying and using selected parts of copyrighted works for specific educational purposes qualifies as fair use, especially if the copies are made spontaneously, are used temporarily, and are not part of an anthology.
Nature of the work: For copying paragraphs from a copyrighted source, fair use easily applies. For copying a chapter, fair use may be questionable.
Proportion/extent of the material used: Duplicating excerpts that are short in relation to the entire copyrighted work or segments that do not reflect the "essence" of the work is usually considered fair use.
The effect on marketability: If there will be no reduction in sales because of copying or distribution, the fair use exemption is likely to apply. This is the most important of the four tests for fair use (Princeton University).

32. Students cannot be charged The work should be brief
Material should be:
Used in class only
Must meet educational objectives
Used temporarily
Not part of an anthology
Students cannot be charged
The work should be brief
It must not reflect the whole work
Not consumables: these must be repurchased
Does not harm the sales of the copyrighted work

33.  Artwork or Graphic Image
Must be used exactly as it is with no alterations
No more than 5 images from one artist or 15 images or 10% from a collective work may be used in a project.

34. Once a work is published in print or online it becomes copyrighted.
 Motion Media
 Single copy of up to 3 minutes or 10% of the whole whichever is less
Once a work is published in print or online it becomes copyrighted.

35. Must be for academic purposes only
 Videos in the Classroom
Must be for academic purposes only
Must be part of the teacher’s active lesson plan
Must be for face to face instruction
Cannot be for reward or entertainment value only

36.  Computer Software
 The owner of software may make a copy, but the copy must be destroyed when the original is sold or transferred
You are really purchasing a license to use the software and should consult the license agreement

37. Copyright laws apply to the internet including websites
Copyright laws apply to the internet including websites

38. Civil and criminal charges Up to $150,000 per infringement
 Penalties for Infringement
Civil and criminal charges
Up to $150,000 per infringement
Actual damages
Profit
Attorney fees

39. Ignorance of the law is no excuse
Ignorance of the law is no excuse
As educators we are role models and should teach by example
If in doubt:
Don’t
Get copy permission or
Ask your media specialist for assistance
Beyond the legal aspects of the copyright law lies an important issue -- Ethics. Educators, without regard to or knowledge of copyright restrictions, sometimes duplicate materials illegally or load software without license. Such copying, seemingly convenient and unnoticeable, is, in fact, stealing--taking someone's property without permission, thus depriving the author of income or control to which he/she is entitled. Teachers have a moral obligation to practice integrity and trustworthiness. Just as they expect students to refrain from cheating on tests and from taking others' belongings at school, teachers should honor the law when it comes to fair use and copyright. Thus, teachers not only should protect themselves from legal liability but should also model honesty and truthfulness by knowing when and what may be copied for educational use.