1. Chapter 2 – Getting Started

3. Basic Program Structure
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
cout << “This is C++!”; }
Header
Location of header files
Primary function
Marks beginning of function body
object
insertion operator used to print to screen
string – characters within double quotes
semicolon: statement terminator
C++ statement
Marks end of function body
Lesson 2.1

4. C++ Syntax Rules for writing statements
Semicolon serve as statement terminator
Case sensitivity
Blank spaces
Spacing
Accepted modifications
Lesson 2.1

5. Comments Notes in program describing what code does
Perform no action in program
Single line comment structure
Begin with two slashes (no space between) //
Line by itself or following statement
Multiline comment structure
Uses delimiters /* comments */
starts comment
ends comment
Lesson 2.2

6. Creating a Banner Set of comments at beginning of program name
parameters used
history
author
purpose
date of program
//***********************
// Name: Sally Student
// Purpose: Assignment 2
// Date: 11/22/2003
// Reference: Chapter 2, #3
#include <iostream> .
Lesson 2.2

7. Creating New Lines in Output
Programmer must specify new line
Line feeding
\n in string constant
cout << “\nwe can jump\n\ntwo lines.”;
endl manipulator
cout << endl<<“we can jump “;
cout << endl<< endl <<“two lines.”;
we can jump
two lines.
Lesson 2.3

8. Connecting Strings
Can use backslash at end of line to indicate string constant to continue with next line
cout << “This will \
continue on same line.” ;
is equivalent to
cout << “This will continue on same line.”;
Lesson 2.3

9. Character Escape Sequences
Other escape sequences exist for formatting
Full listing in Table 2.1
Examples:
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\% displays percent character
\” displays double quote
Lesson 2.3

10. Debugging Error in program called bug
Process of looking for and correcting bugs
Three types of errors
Syntax
Run-time
Logic
Lesson 2.4

11. Syntax Errors Mistakes by violating “grammar” rules
Diagnosed by C++ compiler
Must fix before compiler will translate code
spelling
cout
coot << endl;
int main ( ( )
mismatched
parentheses
Lesson 2.4

12. Run-Time Errors Violation of rules during execution of program
Computer displays message during execution and execution is terminated
Error message may help locating error
Lesson 2.4

13. Logic Errors Computer does not recognize Difficult to find
Execution is complete but output is incorrect
Programmer checks for reasonable and correct output
Lesson 2.4

14. Debugging Example #<include iostream> using namespace std;
int main ( ); (
cout << ‘Hello world!’
cout << “Hello again”, endl;
// Next line will output
a name!
ccut << “Sally Student”;
/* Next line will
output another name /*
cout << John Senior; }
# include <iostream> OK
using namespace std;
int main ( ) {
cout << “Hello world!”;
cout << “Hello again”<< endl;
// Next line will output a name!
cout << “Sally Student”;
/* Next line will
output another name */
cout << “John Senior” ; }

15. Summary Learned about: General program structure Rules of C++ syntax
Creating comments and program banners
Using escape sequences to format output
Debugging programs
Three types of errors: syntax, run-time, logic
Chapter 2