1. Bell Work for Tuesday, March 3
Finish your notes and vocabulary from yesterday-Ch. 6!
Define porous vs. nonporous surfaces
Start thinking about questions you would like to ask to our officer on Friday!

2. Means of Human Identification
Alphonse Bertillon
1st systematic attempt at identification
Anthropometry – a system of precise body measurements (11+, including height, reach, width of head, length of left foot)
Also used full length and profile photographs

3. The Chinese Used fingerprints as royal seals 3,000 years ago.
Used in document validation

4. William Herschel English civil servant stationed in India
Required natives to sign contracts with an imprint of their right hand
Not sure if this was used as a means of identification or method of maintining contract according to Hindi Tradition

5. Henry Fauld Scottish Physician based in Japan
One of 1st to publish views on the potential use of fingerprints as a means of identification
Cited case where thief left print in a freshly whitewashed wall and was convicted because of it

6. Francis Galton Published book on Fingerprints with same title (1892)
Discussed the anatomy of fingerprints and suggested methods for recording them.
Assigned the 3 pattern types
Whorls, loops, arches
Convincingly demonstrated that no 2 prints were alike

7. Dr. Juan Vucetich Argentinean police officer
Devised a workable classification system in 1891
System has been revised and is still used in most Spanish-speaking countries today

8. Sir Edward Richard Henry
In 1897, proposed another classification system
Adopted by Scotland Yard
Used by the US as the classification system to file and analyze fingerprints

9. The FBI
In 1924, fingerprint records of the Bureau of Investigation and Leavenworth Prison were merged to form the nucleus of the identification records
Currently has the largest collection of fingerprints in the world

10. 1st Principle:
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no 2 fingers have yet been found to possess identical ridge characteristics
Even identical twins will have different prints
Ridge characteristics – minutiae, identifying characteristics within the fingerprint that must match up for identification

11. Individual Ridge Characteristics
Bifurcation
Short Ridge
Enclosure
Dot (island)
Ridge Ending

12. How many must match?
Since most prints left at the scene are not complete, partial prints must be matched to prove identification
It has been suggested that at least 8 – 16 characteristics must match for a conclusive result

14. 2nd Principle
A fingerprint will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime
Even if prints are damaged, enough remains to provide match
Latent Prints – a fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and or perspiration. Invisible to the naked eye

16. 3rd principle
Fingerprints have general ridge patterns that permit them to be systematically classified

17. Patterns

18. Fingerprints
T. Trimpe

19. Fingerprint Principles
According to criminal investigators, fingerprints follow 3 fundamental principles:
A fingerprint is an individual characteristic; no two people have been found with the exact same fingerprint pattern.
A fingerprint pattern will remain unchanged for the life of an individual; however, the print itself may change due to permanent scars and skin diseases.
Fingerprints have general characteristic ridge patterns that allow them to be systematically identified.

20. Fingerprint Classes
There are 3 specific classes for all fingerprints based
upon their visual pattern: arches, loops, and whorls.
Each group is divided into smaller groups as seen in the lists below.
Arch
Plain arch
Tented arch
Loop
Radial Loop
Ulnar loop
Whorl
Plain whorl
Central pocket whorl
Double loop whorl
Accidentical

21. 60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls,
Interesting Info
Fingerprint Factoid:
60% of people have loops, 35% have whorls,
and 5% have arches
Did you know?
Dactyloscopy is the study of fingerprint identification. Police investigators are experts in collecting “dactylograms”, otherwise known as fingerprints.
ADD TO NOTES

22. Arches
Arches are the simplest type of fingerprints that are formed by ridges that enter on one side of the print and exit on the other. No deltas are present.
Tented Arches
Similar to the plain arch,
but has a spike in the center.
Spike or “tent”
Plain Arch
Ridges enter on one side and
exit on the other side.

23. Arches
Friction ridges that enter on one side of the finger and cross to the other side while rising up in the middle.
Plain – has mild bulging
Tented – has ridge that looks like a pole pushing up in the middle (taller).

25. Loops
Loops must have one delta and one or more ridges that enter and leave on the same side. These patterns are named for their positions related to the radius and ulna bones.
Radial Loop (Right Thumb)
Loop opens toward the left or the radial bone.
Ulnar Loop (Right Thumb)
Loop opens toward right or the ulna bone.
Delta
NOTE: On the left hand, a loop that opens to the left would be an ulnar loop, while one that opens to the right would be a radial loop.

26. Loop: most common pattern
Depends on which hand made the print (left or right)
Has one or more ridges entering from one side, curving, and then leaving from the same side.
All loops have one delta (triangle shaped ridge pattern)
If loop points towards thumb – ulnar loop
If loop points away from thumb – radial loop

29. Whorls
Whorls have at least one ridge that makes (or tends to make) a complete circuit. They also have at least two deltas. If a print has more than two deltas, it is most likely an accidental.
Central Pocket Whorl
Plain Whorl
Draw a line between the two deltas in the plain and central pocket whorls. If some of the curved ridges touch the line, it is a plain whorl. If none of the center core touches the line, it is a central pocket whorl.

30. Whorls – Part 2 Double Loop Whorl
Double loop whorls are made up of any two loops combined into one print.
Delta
Accidental Whorl
Accidental whorls contain two or more patterns (not including the plain arch), or does not clearly fall under any of the other categories.

31. Whorls Have minimum of 2 deltas 4 sub groups:
Plain – 2 deltas and complete ridge circuit
Central pocket – one delta is larger than other
Double – 2 loops in a yin-yang shape
Accidental – deltas far spaced, mix of 2 patterns that do not conform to other standards.

33. Identify each fingerprint pattern.? A B
Right Hand
Left Hand C
Right Hand E D
Right Hand
Left Hand

34. Fingerprint Classification
Primary Classification: Part of the Henry system still used by the FBI
Fingers are paired up and patterns are given specific values
Whole records of all 10 fingers are recorded.

36. What about single prints?
How often at a crime scene does a criminal leave all ten fingerprints in a line?
It became too bulky and tedious to match prints by hand

37. Now…
Law Enforcement Agencies use a computer database of prints called AFIS.
AFIS uses automatic scanning devices that convert the image of a fingerprint into digital minutiae that contain data showing ridges at their points of termination and branching of ridges into 2 ridges
AFIS makes no final decision on the print, leaving that determination to the examiner.
AFIS has substantially reduced the amount of time required to match prints (20 min vs. proj. 67 years)

38. Methods of detecting fingerprints
Visible prints: Made by fingers touching a surface after the ridges have been in contact with a colored material (blood, paint, grease, ink).
Plastic Prints: ridge impressions on a soft material (putty, soap, wax, dust)
Latent prints : caused by the transfer of body perspiration or oils present on finger ridges to the surface of an object.

39. Types of surface determine process
Hard, nonabsorbent surfaces: glue fuming or powders
Soft and porous: chemical treatments

40. Detection of Latent prints (locating)
RUVIS: Reflected Ultraviolet Imaging System
Can locate prints without the aid of chemical or powder treatments
UV Light is shown at the surface and reflected back by the print making the print visible.

41. Powders Readily adhere to perspiration residues and body oil deposits
Examiners choose color that best contrasts with surface color
Magnetic sensitive powders are applied with a magnet, not a brush – no smearing
Fluorescent powders- used on colored surfaces to develop latent prints.

42. Chemical methods:
Glue fuming: cyanoacrylate (Super Glue) is heated and binds to amino acids
Iodine fuming : solid iodine is heated binds to print (not permanent)
Ninhydrin: sprayed on surface and developed using steam, turns purple in amino acids. (permanent and good for old evidence)
Physical developer: used in combination with other chemicals to help fix a print.

43. The Henry System Adopted by Scotland Yard in 1901
Converted ridge patterns on all 10 fingers into a series of letters and numbers arranged in the form of a fraction.
Could only be used in small databases (100,000 records or less)

47. Warm Up
Start studying the sheet I gave you as well as your notes from yesterday for our quiz today!

48. It’s time to make some prints!
Avoid Partial Prints
GOOD PRINT Get as much of the top part of your finger as possible!

49. Directions
1st – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb over the ink pad from the left side of your thumb to the right. You do not have to push down really hard!
2nd – Roll the “pad” portion of your thumb from the left side of your thumb to the right in the correct box on your paper to make a thumbprint.
3rd – Continue this process to make a fingerprint of all ten fingers on the “My Prints” worksheet.
4th –Use your notes and a magnifying lens to help you figure out what type of pattern is found in each of your fingerprints. Label each one with the pattern’s name and minimum 3 minutae