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Denver & Rio Grande Railroad Gunnison River, Colorado

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1 Denver & Rio Grande Railroad Gunnison River, Colorado
Interpretations of the Derivative (Rates of Change) Denver & Rio Grande Railroad Gunnison River, Colorado Greg Kelly, Hanford High School, Richland, Washington Revised by: Jon Bannon, Siena College Photo by Vickie Kelly, 2008

2 Consider a graph of displacement (distance traveled) vs. time.
Average velocity can be found by taking: time (hours) distance (miles) B A The speedometer in your car does not measure average velocity, but instantaneous velocity. (The velocity at one moment in time.)

3 Velocity is the first derivative of position.

4 Speed is the absolute value of velocity.
Example: Free Fall Equation Gravitational Constants: Speed is the absolute value of velocity.

5 Acceleration is the derivative of velocity.
example: If distance is in: Velocity would be in: Acceleration would be in:

6 It is important to understand the relationship between a position graph, velocity and acceleration:
time distance acc neg vel pos & decreasing acc neg vel neg & decreasing acc zero vel neg & constant acc zero vel pos & constant acc pos vel neg & increasing velocity zero acc pos vel pos & increasing acc zero, velocity zero

7 Rates of Change: Average rate of change = Instantaneous rate of change = These definitions are true for any function. ( x does not have to represent time. )

8 Instantaneous rate of change of the area with respect to the radius.
Example 1: For a circle: Instantaneous rate of change of the area with respect to the radius. For tree ring growth, if the change in area is constant then dr must get smaller as r gets larger.

9 from Economics: Marginal cost is the first derivative of the cost function, and represents an approximation of the cost of producing one more unit.

10 Suppose it costs: to produce x stoves.
Example 13: Suppose it costs: to produce x stoves. If you are currently producing 10 stoves, the 11th stove will cost approximately: Note that this is not a great approximation – Don’t let that bother you. The actual cost is: marginal cost actual cost

11 Note that this is not a great approximation – Don’t let that bother you.
Marginal cost is a linear approximation of a curved function. For large values it gives a good approximation of the cost of producing the next item. p


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