1. PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE IMPACTS ON ACCESSIBILITY FOR SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN BLOEMFONTEIN
NDAKHONA BASHINGI
Southern African Transportation Conference
12 July 2018

2. Sustainability of public transportation far from being achieved.
Accessible transportation services improves economic and social sustainability of the city. Reduced travel times, waiting time, number of trips and the need for travel could save money, save time and increase the ease of completing a journey.
Transportation and mobility create accessibility to the services and activities located in different areas of a city, therefore should be prioritized with regards to land use zoning and development of cities.
Sustainability of public transportation far from being achieved.
Inaccessible urban systems in developing countries.
Mass transit
BRT
High speed trains
Advanced ICTs
Transportation systems
Land use, zoning

3. ACCESSIBILITY
The ease of reaching destinations or completing a journey.
Reduced travel times
Waiting time
Lower number of trips
Reduced or limited need for travel
Increased ease of completing a journey
Is improving public transportation systems alone enough to address sustainability?
Land use and zoning should compliment transportation systems
Economic and social growth
Spatial dispersion of activities

4. Land use and zoning are some of the important factors that contribute in achieving sustainable urban areas.
The purpose of land use is to support people’s lives, economic activities and protect the environment.
Functional urban areas, land use and transportation should be complimentary to each other for economic and social growth as well as for the spatial dispersion of activities
Growth of ICT solutions for transportation and travel problems should not prevent consideration of limitations of Information and communication Technology (ICT).
ICT cannot reduce activity-travel due to growing car dependence in developing countries and most of the technologies are outside the financial reach of most developing countries

5. Literature
In the ICT era, accessibility can no longer be measured by time, distance and cost – Golob, 2003
Accessibility could be measured by distance to stop, place of work, length of journey – Cheng and Chen, 2015
Can only apply where e-activities have replaced the need to travel, therefore cannot be used in cases of cities where e- activities are inaccessible (Lila and Anjaneyulu, 2016).

6. Within zones of an urban area, different activities in which people need to travel to access are located and separated into various land uses.
The main use of land use and transportation policies is to improve accessibility - (Wee, Geurs and Chorus, 2013),
Public transportation services are essential for sustainability, liveability and equity of cities (Diab, Lierop and El-geneidy, 2017)

7. BRANDWAG
STUDY AREA
CBD
WILLOWS
The study evaluates accessibility of public transportation and ICT for selected suburbs of residence in the city and various activity-based locations, time and distance, ultimately evaluating land use and zoning in Bloemfontein.
BATHO / SPORTS
BOCHABELA
153 Respondents
ROCKLANDS
BLOEMANDA

8. Research questions Is P/T and locations in BFN accessible
Where are most essential services and activities located.
Would ICT play a role in improving accessibility

9. Demographic background
Variable
Group
Survey
Age
44.4%
25 – 35
37.3%
13.1%
5.2%
Gender
Male
60.1%
Female
39.9%
Occupation
Student
38.6%
Part-Time employee
9.2%
Self employed
5.9%
Full-Time employee
30.1%
Unemployed
6.5%
Student + Part time employee
9.8%
Personal income/month
Mean R
Median
R3000

10. PARAMETERS Distance Time Availability of direct public transportation.
Number of trips per typical weekday or typical weekend day.
Suburbs where respondents spend their normal work days and suburbs where they perform selected activities.
ICT awareness and Internet access.

11. Results
WHAT HAPPENS WHERE?
Residence
Spend the day

12. Shopping, banking, public services, education, religious ,
Clubs
Sporting activities
Religious activities
Educational activities
Parks
Stadium
Clubs
Public services
Stadium
Residential

13. Trips and transportation
Availability of direct transportation means lower number of trips.
Independent sample t-tests were carried out for the sample to find the relationship between availability of direct public transportation services or lack thereof and the number of trips taken by people per weekday or weekend day and results indicated that availability of direct transportation means lower number of trips.

14. Private and Non-Motorised Transport
ACTIVITY
Shopping
Work
School
Personal
Leisure
Sport
Sightseeing
Family obligations
MODE
Bus
2.6
4.6
2.0
1.3
7.2
Taxi
57.9
34.9
30.3
44.1
25.7
22.4
40.8
Cab
26.3
5.3
16.4
17.8
6.6
3.3
Private vehicle
15.8
9.2
8.6
18.4
11.2
11.8 23
Motorcycle
0.7
Bicycle
Walking
39.5
32.9
28.3
25.0
20.4
15.1
Low bicycle usage may be a result of lack of infrastructure such as bicycle lanes.
Walking trips to school, shopping by people residing in the Willows, CBD, Westdene and Brandwag areas.

15. SPATIAL PARAMETERS & ICT
RESIDENCE
DAY SPENT
Walking distance to bus stop (Km)
Distance to work / school
(Km)
Time spent travelling (Minutes)
ICT Awareness
(%)
Internet
Access
BOCHABELA
Willows, CBD, Westdene
2 - 10
100
89.5
WILLOWS
Willows, CBD, Park West
5 - 30
78.6
92.9
ROCKLANDS
CBD, Rocklands, Willows
5 - 25
72.7
90.9
BLOEMANDA
CBD, Bloemanda, Willows
4 - 15 80 85
BRANDWAG
CBD, Brandwag, Willows
4 - 6
86.7
SPORTS
CBD, Westdene, Willows
0.2 – 0.8
4 - 10
88.2
94.1
WESTDENE
CBD, Westdene
91.7

16. 41.8% of all respondents spend their day in willows, 24,2% in the CBD
SPATIAL PARAMETERS
ICT
41.8% of all respondents spend their day in willows, 24,2% in the CBD
Most PT routes begin and end in the CBD, where taxi ranks and terminals are located.
Those spending the day in Willows complete their journey by walking or taking another paid PT trip
6.5km average distance, 20min average time
High levels of internet access and ICT awareness, but the people do not spend most of the day in their areas of residence, meaning lack of e-activities Areas where most individuals spend their day in are commercial and mixed land-use areas where educational institutions, retail outlets, banking and public services are located. These activities can however, be substituted through ICT, therefore reducing the need for travel.

17. CONCLUSIONS Sustainable PT systems still a challenge
Poor spatial accessibility
Limited NMT supporting infrastructure
Inaccessible public transportation which lacks in mobility leaves captive demographics, specifically lower-income families that cannot afford private vehicle travel and young people without driving licences have no choice but to walk long distances and wait for very long times at bus terminals, stops and stations to access public transportation service.
Independent operation of available modes – bus and taxi “to each its own” – limits accessibility and mobility
Travel to perform activities is still prevalent due to lack of ICT alternatives to travel. There is limited choice in either opting not to travel based on ICT access or freedom to choose e-activities instead of travel.

18. The paper is derived from broader study on ICT for sustainable public transportation systems in Southern African cities with a greater focus on travel behavior, travel patterns and the role of ICT.
Thank you