Propagating Plants Asexually

Propagating Plants Asexually
11/16/ :06 AM Propagating Plants Asexually Unit. Plant Science Problem Area. Plant Propagation © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Objectives 1. Define asexual propagation and identify the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction. 2. List and describe the methods of asexual reproduction.

Terms callous adventitious roots cleft grafting agar clone
cuttings division explants grafting hardwood cuttings laminar airflow hoods adventitious roots agar air layering aseptic asexual reproduction bark grafting budding

Terms scion semi-hardwood cuttings separation simple layering
softwood cuttings stem cutting stock plants t-budding tissue culture trench layering whip-and-tongue grafting layering leaf cutting leaf-bud cutting mound layering patch budding plant propagation plantlets rootstock

11/16/ :06 AM What is asexual propagation, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction? Asexual reproduction in plants involves the propagation of new plants using only the vegetative parts of the parent plant. A common term used for increasing the numbers of plants is plant propagation. This is made possible by the a plant’s ability to regenerate missing plant parts. A. Asexual propagation enables the production of a plant that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to cultivate because the plant does not produce viable seed or the seed is difficult to germinate. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What is asexual propagation, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction? B. Asexual reproduction is used when plants will not breed true and when it is necessary to maintain certain genetic forms of the plant. The plant produced is a genetic duplicate, or clone, of the parent plant. The plant has the same traits of the parent plant. The existence of many valuable crop plants depends upon the ability to reproduce them asexually. C. Asexual propagation may be faster than propagation by seed. Germination and growth of seedlings is often slow compared to propagation by asexual methods. It may also be more economical to produce plants asexually, and in many cases it is easier. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

What are the different methods of asexual reproduction?
11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? The major methods of asexual reproduction are cuttings, separation, division, layering, grafting, budding, and tissue culture. A. One of the most common and simplest methods of asexual propagation is through the use of cuttings. Cuttings may be made from portions of stems, leaves, or roots. Most greenhouse crops are propagated by herbaceous or soft stem cuttings. Growers often keep stock plants or buy new stock plants each year, from which stem cuttings are removed. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 1. A stem cutting is a cut portion of a stem that contains a terminal bud or lateral buds and is placed in growing media to produce roots. a. Softwood cuttings—from soft, succulent growth. b. Hardwood cuttings—from one-year-old growth, deciduous, or evergreen plants. c. Semi-hardwood cuttings—from woody broad-leaved plants with new shoots. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 2. Numerous plants can be propagated using leaf and leaf-bud cuttings. a. A leaf cutting consists of a leaf blade or leaf blade with petiole attached. b. A leaf-bud cutting consists of a leaf, petiole, and a short piece of stem with a lateral bud. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 3. Rooting is a complex physiological process. The speed of root development is influenced by a number of factors, including the plant species or variety, the age of the plant, the type and location of the cutting, the absence or presence of leaves, and the nutritional status of the plant. Woody plants tend to take longer to propagate than do herbaceous, or non-woody, soft stem plants. a. Environmental conditions critical for successful rooting include proper temperature, high humidity, and sufficient light. b. Cuttings form roots more quickly if the temperature of the medium is kept between 75°F and 80°F. The warmth speeds metabolic processes. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? c. After the cuttings are stuck, they must be kept in a humid environment. In greenhouse settings, the cuttings are placed under an intermittent mist system. The mist is applied between dawn and sunset to reduce water loss from transpiration. Cuttings are misted regularly until the roots form and can absorb moisture for the plant. Adventitious roots are roots that begin growth from the stem or a leaf. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? d. Most plants do best in a loose, well-drained growing medium. The growing medium provides moisture, aeration, and other conditions favorable for root formation. A sterile, disease-free rooting medium is essential for success. Sand, vermiculite, peat moss, and perlite are common materials used alone or in combination in good rooting medium. e. Many plant cuttings root easily and do not need special treatment. However, some plants root better when treated with root- inducing chemicals. Synthetic growth regulators of varying strengths hasten root initiation as well as increase the number of roots formed. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? B. Propagation can be done by separating or dividing plants. Some plants produce vegetative plant structures that can be removed intact from the parent plant. Removal and planting of these vegetative structures is separation. With division, the plant roots or the entire plant may be cut into sections to make two or more plants from the original plant. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? C. Layering is a method of asexual propagation in which roots form on a stem while it is still attached to the parent plant. The parent plant supports the new plant during root development. Once the new plant can function on its own, it is removed from the parent. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 1. Simple layering is accomplished by bending a branch to the ground, slightly cutting or wounding the stem, and covering the wounded portion with 2 to 3 inches of soil. The wounded area forms a callous and then produces new roots. After new roots are fairly well developed, the plant is removed from the parent plant. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 2. Trench layering involves digging a shallow trench near the parent plant. An entire branch is bent over, placed in the trench, and then covered with 2 to 5 inches of soil. After a few weeks, roots develop along the stem, and new shoots form at each node. When the new plants reach the desirable size, they are separated from the parent plant. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 3. Ornamental shrubs, roses, and gooseberries are examples of plants frequently propagated by mound layering. To perform mound layering, the grower severely prunes the parent plant to stubs that are 2 to 4 inches high. The stubs are then covered with soil. The mounded shrub is left undisturbed until the following spring. During that time, roots develop at the base of each stem. The newly rooted plants can then be separated from the parent plant. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 4. Air layering involves girdling the stem about 6 to 9 inches from the growing tip. Root-inducing hormone is applied to the cut area, and moist sphagnum moss is placed over the exposed area. Plastic is wrapped and tied around the moss to maintain moisture. After roots develop, the top part of the plant is cut just below the rooted area. The new plant is then potted to grow on its own. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? D. Grafting is the process of connecting two plant parts in such a way that they will unite and continue to grow as one plant. A grafted plant consists of the scion, which is a short piece of stem with two or more buds, and the rootstock, which is the lower portion of the graft. 1. Several things must be done to ensure a successful graft. a. There must be contact of the cambium layer of the scion and the cambium layer of the stock. b. It is essential that the graft be kept moist. c. It is important that the scion and stock are compatible plants. This means that plants of the same genus must be used (e.g., apple to apple). d. The grafting procedure must be done at the proper time of the year. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 2. Plants are grafted for a number of reasons. a. Grafting is done to produce more plants. b. Selection of appropriate rootstocks can have a dwarfing effect on the stem. c. Selection of appropriate rootstocks can increase the hardiness of a plant. d. Disease resistance in a plant can be improved. e. Grafting can change the natural form of a plant. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 3. The main reason for grafting is to asexually propagate plants that are difficult to propagate by other methods. Grafting is often used in the production of orchard trees, shade trees, and roses. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? a. Whip-and-tongue grafting is commonly used to propagate fruit trees. The root of a young seedling tree is used for the rootstock. The scion is a dormant twig containing three or four buds. The diameter of the scion and the rootstock must be about the same, approximately the size of a pencil. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? b. Cleft grafting is often used to join a smaller scion to a larger stock part. Cleft grafting is usually done in late winter to graft new cultivars on to existing tree limbs or rootstocks. c. Bark grafting is similar to cleft grafting in that it joins smaller scion wood to a larger rootstock. This grafting method is done in the early spring when the bark easily separates from the wood along the cambium layer. Bark grafting is used to propagate fruit, ornamental, and shade trees. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? E. Budding is similar to grafting except that the scion is reduced to a single bud with a small portion of bark or wood attached. The single bud scion is joined with the rootstock to form a new plant. Budding is done in the spring or fall when the bark separates easily from the wood of the rootstock. Budding is faster, easier, and more economical than grafting. No wax is necessary, and the cambium layers need not be aligned. Also, less scion wood is used. Most roses and fruit trees are propagated by budding. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 1. T-budding involves taking buds from one plant and inserting them under the bark of the rootstock. 2. Patch budding is used when the plant’s bark is thick, such as on pecans and walnuts. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? F. Tissue culture, or micropropagation, is a very technical method of asexual propagation that involves the growing of plant cells or tissues on artificial media under sterile conditions. Foliage plants, woody ornamentals, perennials, and cut flowers are commonly propagated by tissue culture methods. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 1. There are a number of advantages to tissue culture over other methods of propagation. a. Large numbers of plants can be produced from a single plant in a relatively small space in a short period of time. This reduces growing space, labor, and plant maintenance requirements. b. Viruses and other systemic diseases are eliminated by propagating the quickly dividing cells of the shoot tip. c. Tissue culture gives the grower a means to produce plants with identical traits. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? d. Horticultural cultivars can be improved by selecting plants that vary slightly from the parent plant. Examples of characteristics subject to improvement are leaf shape, disease resistance, growth habit, and flower color. e. Tissue culture is a required technique for producing genetically engineered plants. f. Tissue culture propagation results in excellent basal branching of some plants. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 2. The tissue culture propagation process can be defined in four main stages. a. In the first stage, small pieces of plant material, called explants, are carefully removed from the parent plant. Explants are obtained from the actively growing part of a desired plant, such as shoot tips, sections of leaves, stems and roots, embryos etc. Explants have bacteria or fungal spores on the tissue surface. Therefore, they must be cleaned before being placed in the culture. A short bath in a 10 percent bleach solution followed by a rinse in sterile water is often effective in killing microorganisms. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? b. From this point, until stage four, tissue culture must be done under aseptic, or sterile, conditions. The presence of any bacteria or fungal spores will contaminate the culture. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? c. Tissue culture labs are designed to provide a clean environment. Technicians scrub much like a surgeon does before surgery. Media, tools, and bottles or jars are autoclaved. Autoclaving involves the heating of the materials to 245°F for 15 minutes to kill all bacteria and fungi. Also, to lessen the chance of contamination, work with the cultures is done under laminar airflow hoods. Laminar airflow hoods filter bacteria and fungal spores from the air. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? d. Explants are placed on a sterile agar medium in glass bottles or test tubes. The agar is a gel that contains water, sugars, nutrients, and plant hormones to support and promote plant growth. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 3. In stage two, the cells of the explants multiply in one of two ways. a. They may form a callous, which is a group of cells with no particular function. Given the right hormones in the media, these callous cells differentiate and develop into small plantlets consisting of leaves and stems. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? b. The other possibility for stage two involves the rapid multiplication of plantlets. Cytokinins placed in the media encourage an increase in the number of buds on the explants, usually six to eight per shoot. Each bud is capable of becoming a plant and producing more buds. Branching occurs as these buds develop into shoots, or plantlets. These plantlets are divided and transferred to test tubes or jars. New plantlets are continually cycled to new containers. In this way, a single explant can produce millions of plantlets in a year. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 4. When the plantlets have developed, they are ready for the third stage, the formation of roots. Shoots are transplanted to a medium containing a higher level of auxins. The auxins induce the growth of roots. The plantlets are also given higher light intensity in preparation for stage four. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

11/16/ :06 AM What are the different methods of asexual reproduction? 5. In stage four, the plantlets are removed from the glass container. They are divided. Agar is washed from the plants. They are planted in a sterile growing medium and placed in a greenhouse. Since the humidity in the greenhouse is much lower than in glass containers, care must be taken during this transition to acclimatize the plants to their new environment. It is a common practice to place the young plants under a misting system until they grow accustomed to the environment and develop a stronger root system. © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Review What is asexual propagation, and what are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction? What are the different methods of asexual reproduction?

Propagating Plants Asexually

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