1. Work Work = Work happens when _____________ If nothing is moved (no distance) then there is no work. If the force is perpendicular (not in the direction of movement), there is no work

2. Work Newtons (N) are a measure of force and meters (m) are a measure of distance. Work is measured in Newton-meters (Nm), {force x distance} Newton-meters are also known as joules (J).

3. Work When finding the amount of work done you multiply the amount of force used by the distance the force was used over. –Ex: If you lift a box using 250 N of force 2 m in to the air, you have done 500 Nm of work. Forcexdistance=Work 250 Nx2 m=500 Nm

4. Work Sample Problems – record in journal 1.Calculate the work done on your 80 N backpack to lift it from the ground to your back, a distance of 1.5 meters. 2.Calculate the work done on your sister to push her 10 meters across the floor at a constant speed. Force of friction = 150N. 3.Calculate the work done on your 20 N lunch tray as you carry it from your lunch table to the kitchen, a distance of 5 meters. Neglect air resistance.

5. Potential & Kinetic Energy

6. Potential & Kinetic Energy Sample Problems – record in journal 1.Identical twins Pat and Chris are painting a house. Pat is standing on the scaffolding 5 meters above the ground. Chris is standing on the scaffolding 5 meters above Pat. Who has more potential energy? Explain. 2.Jared and Clay are climbing the stairs. Jared gets tired and stops halfway to the fourth floor. Clay makes it to the fourth floor without a problem. If Jared is twice as heavy as Clay, who has more potential energy? Explain.

7. Potential & Kinetic Energy Sample Problems – record in journal 3. A person weighing 630 N climbs up a ladder to a height of 5 meters. a.How much work does the person do? b.How much potential energy does he have? c.Where does the energy come from to cause this increase in PE?

8. Work You can complete the same amount of work with less force (easier) by increasing the distance over which the work is done. For example, if you needed to move six chairs from the downstairs porch to the upstairs deck for a party,

9. Work you could stack the chairs up and carry them all in one trip. You would not have to walk very far (distance) but the load would be very heavy and require a lot of effort (force) Six chairs / One trip(d x F )

10. Work or you could take one chair at a time. You would have to walk much farther (distance) but the load would be very light and not require much effort (force) One chair / Six trips ( d x F)

11. Work & Levers Either way the same Work is done; (six chairs are moved from the dining room to the back yard). This idea relates to levers – they help us use less force to do the same amount of work. The work becomes easier for us with the use of a lever.

12. Levers Parts of the lever are: –effort, fulcrum, resistance Effort Resistance

13. Levers Catapults are levers! Draw a quick sketch of your stage 2 catapult. Label the effort, resistance, and fulcrum of your catapult design.

14. Levers Move the effort or the resistance in a lever to use less force Levers work because work = f x d. a small force acting over a long distance can be transformed into a large force acting over a short distance

15. Levers

16. Work & Levers Input force and output force are the same thing as work. Input force = Output force To calculate the input force (work) use the distance from the fulcrum to the effort force. To calculate the output force (work) use the distance from the fulcrum to the resistance force.

17. Levers Archimedes and the Law of the Lever "Give me a place to stand on, and I will move the earth." quoted by Pappus of Alexandria in Synagoge, Book VIII, c. AD 340

18. Levers the 140 lb boy 2 feet from the fulcrum (center of gravity) balances his 70 pound sister 4 feet from the fulcrum 2 x 140 = 4 x 70

19. Mechanical Advantage Man first started using machines to make work easier and faster. How much easier and faster a machine makes your work is the mechanical advantage of that machine. In science terms, the mechanical advantage is the number of times a machine multiplies your effort force.

20. Mechanical Advantage Mechanical Advantage of the Levers To find the MA of a lever, divide the effort arm length by the resistance arm length. MA = effort arm length / resistance arm length

21. Mechanical Advantage Interpret the diagram to answer the questions. 1. What is the length of the resistance arm? 2. What is the length of the effort arm? 3. What is MA of the see saw above? 4. What is the resistance force in the diagram? 5. How much effort force would be needed to overcome the resistance force?