1. CH15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics
AP EURO Pages
CH15: Nationalism, Realism, Mass Politics

2. Italian Unification
CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES ) CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES )

3. Road Towards Italian Unification
Competing city-states since the middle ages
Economic disparity: Prosperous north, Agricultural south
Obstacles to unification:
Austria ruled northern provinces of Lombardy and Venetia
Papal Power in Central Italy & Rome
Kingdom of Sardinia – Nice, Savoy, Piedmont
Kingdom of Naples – Island of Sicily & southern half Italy

4. Unsuccessful Attempts to Unify Italy 1815-1845
1. Giuseppe Mazzini
Sought a centralized democratic republic
Based on universal suffrage, and free will of the people
2. Vincenzo Gioberti
Catholic Priest sought federation of existing states
Under Pope’s leadership

5. Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont (In the North)
was a constitutional monarchy
Ruled by King Victor Emmanuel II (R )

6. Camillo di Cavour ( )
Was appointer Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia 1852 by King
Architect for unification of Italy 1850’s
Goal:
Sough unity for northern states and perhaps central Italy
Proposed building of infrastructure
Opposed clerical privilege

7. Cavour Gained Support of liberals Throughout Italy by:
1. Reforming the government in Sardinia/Piedmont
2. Weakening the influence of the Pope
3. Investing in public works, railroads, harbors
4. Encouraging the growth of industry
5. emancipating the peasantry from manorialism
6. Making Sardinian government a model of progressive constitutionalism

8. Plombieres Agreement, 1858
Cavour Persuaded Napoleon III (France) to send army to Sardinia
Cavour wanted to intimidate Austria (who ruled Lombardy & Venezia) into war
Austria declared war on Sardinia in 1859
France came to Sardinia’s aid

9. Cavour’s Negotiations
Austria (a German state) occupied Venetia & Lombardy
Cavour created agreements/alliances with Britain & France
Cavour Promised France the territory of Nice & Savoy

10. Outcome of War Between Austria & Sardinia
France made an Agreement with Austria
Treaty of Villafranca:
1. Sardinia/Piedmont gained Lombardy only
2. France gained Nice & Savoy

11. Cavour financed Giuseppe Garibaldi's Army in 1860
Called the “red shirts”
Garibaldi’s army marched north
Cavour’s army marched south
They met at center
Italy achieved unification in 1861
Did not include Venetia in the north (Austria) Or
Rome (Papal State)

12. Outcome of Italian Unification
Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed with Victor Emmanuel II on the Throne
Italy received Venetia 1866
1870 Rome joined Italy and was named capital
Papal control reduced to the Vatican (recognition as independent state 1920’s)

13. Problems Remained 1. Italy’s new government not very democratic
2. Economic disparity – North & South
3. Italy Lacked natural resources
4. Papacy disapproved of new government
5. People confused; can a “good Catholic” be a “good patriot” ?

14. German Unification
CH 15: Nationalism, Realism, and Mass Politics ( PAGES )

15. German Nationalism Philosophies…
led to Unification
1784 J.G. Herder published : Ideas of the Philosophy of the History of Mankind

16. Herder’s Vision of A Unified Germany
Volkgeist- “spirit of the people”
Herder argued German Volkgeist is different
Focused on what made Germans different from other people

17. J.G. Fitchte Argued…
The German spirit (customs, traditions, folklore) was not only different, but superior
And Must be kept “pure” from outside influence

18. Grimm Brothers: Jacob & Wilhelm
Urged unity based on common language, history, & folk traditions
Traveled throughout Germany
Gathered folk tales
Which represented spirit of the people (volkgiest) !

19. Germany’s Fairy Tale Road

21. Analyzing Grimm’s Folk Tales
1. What is the story about?
2. What does the story tell you about German social norms? Fears? Concerns?
3. How does is this version different from other versions you are familiar with?

22. Black Forest, Germany

23. Grimm Brothers Video…

24. G.W. F. Hegel Early socialist philosophy
Dialectic- all history results from series of change
“Thesis” -> “Anti-Thesis” (conflicting ideas)
“synthesis” - fusion

25. Friedrich List – German Economist
Argued that for nation to develop its culture,
A nation must have cities, factories, and capital of its own.

26. Frankfurt Assembly, 1848-1849 Possible German Unification was Debated:
Problem: individual state rulers did not want to give up their power!
Austria & Prussia opposed unification

27. Frankfurt Assembly,
Members of Assembly: Lawyers, government officials, Catholic clergy, businessmen etc.
Had No desire for revolution, disconnected from masses

28. Frankfurt Assembly, 1848-1849 How would “Germany” be defined?
Would a unified Germany include Prussia? Austria? Bohemia?
Large German Solution –grossdeutsch
Small German Solution - kleindeutsch

29. Frankfurt Assembly, 1848-1849 Assembly Produced 2 Documents:
1. Declaration of the Rights of the German People (freedom of religion, press, assembly)
2. Constitution – for unified Germany (excluded Austria)

30. Unified Germany… Frankfurt Parliament failed & dissolved
German unification failed at this point in time

31. German Unification… Prevailed 20 years later
Transformed the balance of economic, military, & international power.
German Unification…

32. THE Tariff Union- Zollverein
Trade Partnership Led by Prussia
Included all German states except Austria & Bohemia
Promoted economic growth
Austria & Bohemia left out and hurt economically

33. 1861 Prussia New King took over throne: William I
In 1862 he made a decision that changed German History…

34. He Named Otto von Bismarck
Prime Minister of Prussia in 1862
“Machivellian” , “Opportunistic” leader
Enlarged & reformed the military
Built railroads to transport troops

35. Otto Von Bismarck
“The great questions of our day cannot be solved by speeches and majority votes- that was the great error of 1848 and but with blood and iron”

36. Otto Von Bismarck’s Vision …
A Unified Germany that excluded Austria
Kleindeutsch – “small Germany”

37. Bismarck Developed a… Policy of “Friendliness” towards Russia
Austria was upset
Austria wanted to join Zollverein (trade partnership)
Bismarck rejected Austria’s application!

38. Schleswig & Holstein “German” states south of Denmark Ruled by Denmark
People rebelled against Denmark 1848

39. Schleswig & Holstein
1852 international agreement placed both under Danish authority
1863 Austria & Prussia went to war against Denmark
1864 Austria & Prussia won
Prussia occupied Schleswig
Austria occupied Holstein

40. Problems Ensued… Rivalry between Prussia and Austria re-emerged
Prussians had to go through to get to Schleswig…
Bismarck’s perspective?
Austria is in the way!

41. In 1866 Bismarck Promised Italy Venetian territory if
They (Italy) allied themselves with Prussia and went to war against Austria
How did Bismarck provoke war?

42. The Seven Weeks War, 1866 Prussia vs. Austria Lasted 3 weeks
Bismarck accused Austria of aggression & invaded Holstein
Prussia had better soldiers, new technology “needle gun” (1st machine gun), railroads
Prussia won

43. Consequences of Seven Weeks’ War, 1866
1. Bismarck dissolved German confederation (39 states)
2. With Austria excluded, Bismarck created the North German Confederation dominated by Prussia (22 states)
3. Prussia’s ally, ITALY acquired Venetia

44. A Truly United “Nation State” Emerged
New confederation had Constitution & Bicameral Parliament
William I now “ President”
Otto von Bismarck now “ Chancellor”

45. APEURO
France: Revolutions of 1830, (The Second French Revolution) & The 2nd French Empire

46. France After Napoleon Bonaparte
Louis XVIII returned as Constitutional Monarch (1815)
Charles X was his successor (1824)

47. In Response to Opposition,
King Charles X
Issued “July Ordinances”
1. Dissolved chamber of deputies
2. Censored Press
Caused Immediate protests

48. Charles X was Replaced by
Louis Philippe, Duke of Orleans
Downplayed “royal image”
Reign lasted 18 years until 1848

49. 1848 Workers Rallied In support of electoral reform
Francois Guizot, Prime Minister forbade gatherings
Army fired against crowd = rebellion
Guizot quit, Louis Philippe abdicated throne

50. 1848 : France’s Provisional Government
Was set up while debates ensued…
1.Orleanists wanted Louis Philippe’s son to take over
2. Legitimists wanted a leader of Bourbon descent
3. Socialists wanted Louis Blanc as leader
4. Louis Napoleon, nephew of O.G. wanted power

51. Provisional Government
Set up National Workshops to ease economic crises
More applicants than jobs
People protested

52. Bloody June Days – The 2nd French Revolution
Elections held for National Assembly
Conservatives won, riots in Paris ensued
Violence escalated
1,500-10,000 dead, or injured

53. 1848 French Elections 4 candidates ran for “President”
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won by a landslide
“Napoleon can be everything to everybody because is virtuously unknown” – Karl Marx

54. 2nd Empire -1849 Louis Napoleon …
1. Banned public meetings
2. Expelled socialist members of assembly
3. Imposed censorship
4. Took away vote from the poorest
5. Returned control of all schools to the Church

55. A “Friend of The People”
1. Returned universal male suffrage
2. Called for popular vote and was elected for a 10 year term as President!
Why?
1850 Proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon III!! :Louis Napoleon)

56. Beautification of Paris
Louis Napoleon III Built boulevards, parks, monuments, railroad stations, public buildings
Modernized sewers, water supply
PROJECTS PROVIDED JOBS!

57. Beautification of Paris

58. Louis Napoleon III Established …
1. Credit Mobilier- loans $ to public
2. Credit Foncier – Loans $ to landowners to improve agriculture
3. Railroads, builds steamships
4. Hospitals, asylums, distributes free medicine
5. Authorized unions & labor strikes

59. Foreign affairs… Ferdinand de Lesseps & Company
Constructed the Suez Canal in Egypt ( )

60. Side Note! Statue of Liberty
                                                     
Side Note! Statue of Liberty
Completed in 1884 Paris,
Arrived in New York 1885
Pedestal completed 1886
Designer: Gustaf Eiffel

61. Side Note! Eiffel Tower World’s Fair observation tower
People thought of it as “ugly”
Completed: 1889
Designer: Gustav Eiffel

62. Foreign affairs… Louis Napoleon & Mexico
Mexico could not repay their debts…
So France Invaded in 1862

63. Louis Napoleon invaded Mexico
La Batalla de Pueblo
People of Puebla defeated French Army!
May 5th 1862
“Cinco de Mayo”
But…
France won the war 

64. So…Louis Napoleon Named…
Austrian Archduke Maximilian & wife Charlotte (Maximiliano & Carlotta)
Emperors of Mexico!
“Puppet Rulers of Mexico”

65. The end of Louis Napoleon…
Spanish crown vacant
Spain offered the crown to a cousin of William I (of Prussia)
France (Napoleon) opposed idea
Bismarck became involved…

66. Bismarck’s Spreads Gossip (Chisme!)
Bismarck spread rumors that Napoleon III Wanted to seize Belgium & Luxemburg
France sent reps to see William I

67. William I Sent Message to Bismarck
“Ems Dispatch”
French message: No Prussian King in Spain in the near future!
Bismarck’s version of the French Message: “France has insulted the German People!”
Bismarck orchestrated Franco-Prussian War 1870

68. France Had No Allies… Easily Defeated
Prussians captured Louis Napoleon III
France declared itself a Republic (again)
Paris wouldn’t surrender- 4 month seige
Starving Parisians ate rats… & zoo animals

69. The Third French Republic
1871 French Citizens voted for A National Assembly
Assembly voted to form a republic w/ President, 2 chamber Parliament, council of ministers headed by Premier

70. Take Home Test… Take home Document Based Multiple choice test (14 pts)
2 documents (1848 revolutions, Italian unification)