1. The Pacific World
Fig. 15-CO (a), p. 402

2. Australia is known as the “Red Continent
Australia is known as the “Red Continent.” This is the Indian Ocean coast near the northwestern town of Broome.

5. Australia is known as the “Red Continent
Australia is known as the “Red Continent.” This is the Indian Ocean coast near the northwestern town of Broome.

6. Australia is known as the “Red Continent
Australia is known as the “Red Continent.” This is the Indian Ocean coast near the northwestern town of Broome.

7. Australia is known as the “Red Continent
Australia is known as the “Red Continent.” This is the Indian Ocean coast near the northwestern town of Broome.

8. Australia is known as the “Red Continent
Australia is known as the “Red Continent.” This is the Indian Ocean coast near the northwestern town of Broome.

9. Table 15-1, p. 404

10. Figure 15. 1: Principal features of the Pacific World
Figure 15.1: Principal features of the Pacific World. Note the peculiar jog in the International Date Line near Kiribati (along the equator).
Fig. 15-1, p. 405

11. Figure 15.3a: Population distribution of the Pacific World.
Fig. 15-3a, p. 406

12. Figure 15.3b: Population cartogram of the Pacific World.
Fig. 15-3b, p. 406

13. Figure 15.4: Major landforms of the Pacific World.
Fig. 15-4, p. 407

14. Figure 15.5a: Climates of the Pacific World.
Fig. 15-5a, p. 407

15. Figure 15.5b: Biomes of the Pacific World.
Fig. 15-5b, p. 407

16. Figure 15.7: Land use in the Pacific World.
Fig. 15-7, p. 408

17. 3 Types of Pacific Islands
Continental – were connected to continents in past (New Guinea, Australia, main islands of Fiji)
High Islands – mostly volcanic (Parts of Tahiti, Hawaii)
Low Islands – coral islands (Tuvalu and Marshall Islands)
Active Figure 15.8: The Hawaiian Islands have been created as a piece of the earth’s crust has slid over a geologic hot spot.

18. Tavarua, Fiji Aitutaki, Cook Islands Fig. 15-9, p. 409
Active Figure 15.8: The Hawaiian Islands have been created as a piece of the earth’s crust has slid over a geologic hot spot.
Tavarua, Fiji
Fig. 15-9, p. 409

19. Active Map 15.11: Languages and settlement routes of the Pacific World.
Fig , p. 412

20. Active Map 15.11: Languages and settlement routes of the Pacific World.

21. European Colonization
Cook “Discovered:” Tahiti, Hawaii, New Zealand, Australia, others. (Click for journal entries)
Colonization brought:
Disease and alcohol
Christianity
Cash Crop Plantations
HMS Resolution

22. Table 15-2, p. 413

23. Figure 15.B: The Wunambal (with Basil at far left) performing a Corroboree by the shore of Mission Bay, Kimberley, Australia.
Figure 15-B, p. 414

24. Island Environmental Issues
Sensitive Ecology: isolation caused evolution of thousands of unique, but fragile species
Invasive Species: introduced species (cats, mongooses, dogs, snakes, rats) devastating local critters
Mining and Atomic Testing
U.S., French, and Australian Military Bases – Nuclear Warships

25. Nauru – devastated by phosphate mining
Figure 15.12: The 10 square miles (25 sq km) of land that is Nauru have been devastated by the phosphate mining that once made Nauruans among the wealthiest people per capita on Earth.
Nauru – devastated by phosphate mining
Fig , p. 418

26. Hawaiian Birds – devastated by introduced species and habitat loss
Of Hawaii's 88 historic and prehistoric land bird species, 68 percent or 60 species are now extinct.
Po’ ouli Bird
discovered
added to Endangered Species List
December, last one dies in captivity
Figure 15.12: The 10 square miles (25 sq km) of land that is Nauru have been devastated by the phosphate mining that once made Nauruans among the wealthiest people per capita on Earth.
Some of the many other extinct Hawaiian birds:

27. Bikini Atoll – U.S. Atomic Bomb Test, 1956
Figure 15.D: The nuclear explosion, code-named Seminole, at Eniwetok Atoll in the Pacific ocean on June 6, This atomic bomb was detonated at ground level and had the same explosive force as 13.7 thousand tons (kilotons) of TNT. It was detonated as part of Operation Redwing, an American program that tested systems for atomic bombs.
Bikini Atoll – U.S. Atomic Bomb Test, 1956
Figure 15-D, p. 420

28. Pacific Island Economies
In Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia,poor countries are the majority:
Tourism
Cash crops
Military services and bases
Fish exports
Mineral Exports
Mining and Atomic Testing
Manufacturing (clothing) limited to Fiji and Cook Islands.

30. Pacific Island Economies
Australia, New Zealand:
Developed market economies
Services (Finance, Insurance, Media) – especially in Australia
Agriculture (wine, wheat, sheep, cattle, venison, antler felt) – especially important in New Zealand
Tourism in both countries
Mineral Exports in Australia

32. Pacific Island Political Issues
George Speight
Indigenous Rights
Fiji – unrest between Indo-Fijians and Ethnic Fijians
2004 Coup
Hawaii
Demands for land and political power by native Hawaiians
New Caledonia
Continuing independence efforts against French Rule
Bougainville’s (Australian colony) Revolutionary Army (BRA) fought Papua New Guinea between for independence
20,000 of 200,000 died in war
Guarding Trial of Coup Leaders, Fiji

49. SUMMARY
• The Pacific World region (often called Oceania) encompasses Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the mid-Pacific lying mostly between the tropics. Tropical rain forest climates and biomes are most common, but Australia and New Zealand have several temperate climate and biome types.
• The Pacific islands are commonly divided into three principal regions: Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.
• The Pacific World is ethnically complex, having been settled by people with various Asian origins. Polynesia was the last to be populated. Papua New Guinea is the world’s most linguistically diverse country. Christianity is the majority faith in this region.
• Although countless islands are scattered across the Pacific Ocean, there are three generally recognized types: continental islands, high islands, and low islands. Continental islands are either continents themselves (such as Australia) or were connected to continents when sea levels were lower (such as New Guinea). Most high islands are volcanic. Low islands are typically made of coral, a material composed of the skeletons and living bodies of small marine organisms that inhabit tropical seas.

50. SUMMARY
• The island ecosystems of the Pacific region are typically inhabited by endemic plant and animal species—species found nowhere else in the world. Island species are especially vulnerable to the activities of humankind such as habitat destruction, deliberate hunting, or the introduction of exotic plant and animal species.
• Europeans began to visit and colonize the Pacific islands early in their Age of Exploration and brought mainly negative impacts to island societies. However, a steady process of decolonization has accompanied a recent surge of Western interest and investment in the region.
• There are ethnic conflicts, related mainly to maldistribution of income, between Malaitans and indigenous Guadalcanalans on the Melanesian island of Guadalcanal, and between indigenous Fijians and Indo-Fijians on Fiji. Interest in securing more income from minerals has pitted the people of New Caledonia against the ruling power, France, and the people of Bougainville against Australian corporate interests in Papua New Guinea.

51. SUMMARY
• Aside from a few notable exceptions, the poverty typical of less developed countries prevails throughout most of the Pacific region.
• In general, the Pacific islands’ economic picture is one of nonindustrial economies. Typical economic activities include tourism, plantation agriculture, mining, and income derived from activities connected with the military needs of occupying powers. Several countries are profiting from offshore banking and telemarketing.
• During the 1940s and 1950s, the United States used the Bikini atoll in the Marshall Islands as one of its chief testing grounds for nuclear weapons. Strong negative reaction arose throughout the region in the 1990s as the French resumed underground testing of nuclear weapons on the Mururoa atoll in French Polynesia. That testing has since ceased. The United States relies on the region for testing of its Star Wars missile technology. Many inhabitants of French and American military zones are fearful of the economic impacts that might accompany the withdrawal of military presence.
• Some of the low island countries are fearful that global warming might create higher sea levels that will inundate them, and Tuvalu considered legal recourse against the United States and Australia for failing to ratify the Kyoto Protocol.