1. Probability & Genetics
Punnett Squares

2. Punnett Squares
To help explain how alleles were separated into gametes and rejoined, Reginald Punnett developed a visual tool to depict test crosses and show the offspring’s possible genotypes and phenotypes
A Punnett square looks like 

3. Setting Up a Punnett Square
In Punnett squares, letters represent dominant and recessive alleles
The alleles from the mother will be placed along the top of the square and the alleles from the father will be placed along the side

4. Punnett Squares An uppercase letter stands for a dominant allele.
ALWAYS use the letter of the Dominant trait
Tall height – T
Short height – t
A lowercase letter stands for a recessive allele.
This will be the lowercase letter of whichever letter was used for the dominant trait/allele

5. Using a Punnett Square Find the genotypes of the parents
TT x tt
Draw the Punnett Square
Write the alleles from one parent on the top of the square and the other alleles on the left side
Fill in the inside of the Square with alleles
Write the Genotype and Phenotype ratios and percentages from the cross

6. Facets of Genetics
Many inherited traits for humans are influenced by genes.
Traits such as hair color, eye color, height, body build, and intelligence are difficult, if not impossible to predict.
Each of these traits has wide variations and involves many genes, some of which interact with each other.
There are some human traits, however, that often follow a simple dominant or recessive inheritance pattern. The inheritance of these traits are fairly easy to determine

7. Examples of Simple Inheritance Patterns
Dominant
Recessive
Lacks dimples
Cannot roll tongue
Attached ear lobes
Short eyelashes
Smooth chin
Thin lips
Flat feet
Straight hairline
Normal vision
Has dimples
Can roll tongue
Unattached ear lobes
Long eyelashes
Cleft chin
Widow’s peak hairline
Near/far-sightedness
Arched feet

8. Monohybrid Cross A monohybrid cross is a test mating of only ONE trait
Example:
The kernel color on a corn cob is either purple (dominant) or yellow (recessive)
Each parent plant will contribute 1 allele for the trait so that the offspring has a total of 2 alleles for kernel color

9. Monohybrid Cross
Cross a homozygous tall plant with a homozygous short plant
T – Tall
t - short

10. Monohybrid Cross
In humans, having a Widow’s peak hairline is dominant to a smooth hairline.
Cross a heterozygous man with a homozygous female.

11. Punnett Square WS#1